A Grammar of Eastern Classical Dryadic
Author: Jesse D. Holmes
MS Date: 06-06-2017
FL Date: 07-01-2018
FL Number: FL-000052-00
Citation: Holmes, Jesse D. 2017. “A Grammar of Eastern
Classical Dryadic.” FL-000052-00, Fiat
Lingua,
2018.
Copyright: © 2017 Jesse D. Holmes. This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information
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UNIWERSYTET WROCŁAWSKI
WYDZIAŁ NAUK HISTORYCZNYCH I PEDAGOGICZNYCH INSTYTUT
EUROPEAN CULTURES
JESSE D. HOLMES
A GRAMMAR OF EASTERN CLASSICAL DRYADIC
Praca lincencjacka napisana pod kierunkiem:
Prof. dr. hab. Mirosław Kocur
WROCŁAW 2017
1 Introduction
1.1 Extent of the Classical Dryadic Language
Contents
1.2 Typology
2 Phonology and Phonetics
2.1 Dryadic Physiology and Speech
2.2 Phonemes
2.2.1 Consonants
2.2.2 Vowels
2.3 Stress
2.4 Phonotactics
3 Writing System and Romanization
3.1 Classical Dryadic Alphabet
3.2 Romanization
4 Nouns and Pronouns
4.1 Plural Prefixes
4.2 Noun Cases
4.2.1 Relational and Essive Suffixes
4.2.2 Locative and Lative Suffixes
4.2.3 Vocative Suffixes
4.2.4 Genitive Suffixes
4.2.5 Other Suffixes and Adpositions
5 Adjectives and Adverbs
5.1 Adjectival Agreement
5.2 Forming Superlatives and Comparatives
5.3 Adverbs and Adverbial Suffixes
6 Verbs and TAM
6.1 Transitive Verbs and Nominal Tense
6.2 Intransitive Verbs, Participles, Negation, and Interrogatives
6.3 Irregularities and Dual-Transitive Verbs
6.4 Speech Levels and Honorifics
6.5 Aspectual and Modal Affixes and Verbal Prefixes
6.6 Emphatic Suffixes, Imperative Mood, Evidentiality, and Noun Clauses
7 Relative Clauses and Complex Sentences
7.1 Relative Clauses
7.2 Conjuction Words and Constructions
8 Vocabulary and Phrases
8.1 Differences of the Sacred Register
8.1.1 Pronouns, Nouns, and Adjectives
8.1.2 Verbs and TAM
8.1.3 Lexical Differences
8.2 Numbers and Religion
8.3 Mimetic Words
8.4 Flowers, Plants, and Fungi
8.5 Animaplants
8.6 Family and Relations
8.7 Houses, Buildings, and Decor
8.8 Clothing and Ornaments
8.9 Body Parts
8.10 Speaking, Eating, and Gardening
8.11 Time, Seasons, Flavors, and Direction
8.12 Natural Bodies
8.13 Emotion and Moral
8.14 War, Government, and Clans
8.15 Entertainment, Music, and Art
8.16 Miscellaneous
9 Literature and Excerpts
9.1 Dryadic Myth: Song of the Universe
9.2 Dryadic Legend: Princess of Camellias
9.3 Short Story: The Flower King
9.4 Classical Dryadic Poetry
9.4.1 Song of the Dryads
9.4.2 Tree Never Grown
9.4.3 My Blossom in the Wind
9.4.4 A Future Together
1. Introduction
1.1. Extent of the Classical Dryadic Language
The Classical Dryadic language was a language spoken by the native,
humanoid inhabitants of Planet Eunomia approximately between the years 1000 BFC
(≈1400 CE)1 and 200 BFC (≈1950 CE), before eventually developing into the early
modern language variants, such as Middle Meliadic Dryadic, by the second century
BFC. The extent of the language encompassed much of the dryads’ domain2,
becoming the central language in the Golden Age of the dryads and the dominate
uniting force of the Meliadic Clan, subjugating most of the other more diverse dryadic
languages spoken in the area. A clear divide, however, existed between speakers west
of the Sphurathic Mountains and speakers to the east. The east, centered around the
forest of Asympusht and home to the Meliat Clan, formed the basis for standardized
writing and maintained itself as the primary written language of the dryads up until
the modern spelling reformations of 96 AFC (2182 CE). It is still used in religious
texts and literature from the classical period. The western variants, however, varied
greatly as they had taken in great influences from the previous languages spoken by
the dryadic tribes in that area. Very few texts survive that portray the spoken western
variants of Classical Dryadic using the standardized eastern orthography to convey its
sounds, usually in informal contexts such as personal letters or drawings of short
messages in the dirt.
Much of what we know about Classical Dryadic comes from analyzing
documents left over from the classical period and comparative methods using the
modern Dryadic languages and the languages spoken around the beginning of the first
century AFC. The written form of the language can still be seen in religious texts
decorating the walls and ceilings of Dryadic temples, and it is still studied in Eunomic
schools by both dryads and humans. Classical Dryadic is often compared to the use of
Latin and Greek in Europe prior to antiquity and well into modern years.
1 BFC (meaning “Before First Contact”) is a calendar era using Eunomic years to record the date based
on the arrival of humans to the planet Eunomia, its adverse being AFC (or “After First Contact”). In
parenthesis is the approximate equivalent in accordance with Earth years and the Earth calendar.
2 The biology of dryads, unlike humans, prevent them from living outside of specific environments,
and, prior to first contact, there was never incentive for them to populate their entire planet and
migrate; thus, the dryadic domain and the diversity among dryads are not as grand as they are for
humans on Earth.
1.2. Typology
Classical Dryadic is often typologically categorized as an agglutinative
language. It can also be classified as slightly fusional. Its morphosyntactic alignment
is ergative-absolutive; however, unlike most other known ergative-absolutive
languages where the absolutive case remains unmarked, in Classical Dryadic the
absolutive case is marked. Its primary writing system is a featural alphabet consisting
of 14 basic symbols that form the basis of a total of 29-31 letters3. It has no distinction
of gender or noun classification, it has no articles, and there are only two noun
numbers: singular and plural. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns,
numerals, and verbs depending on their role in the sentence. Its many noun cases are
divided into 5 groups: morphosyntactic alignment/relation, location, motion to,
motion from, and TAM (tense-aspect-mood). There is also a clear distinction between
transitive and intransitive verbs, which affects the basic word order of a sentence.
The basic word order of Classical Dryadic is OVS when the verb is transitive,
and SV when the verb is intransitive. Adjectives can go before or after the noun they
modify; however, the former is most common. Possessive nouns follow the noun they
possess, and numerals always precede the noun. It is primarily a head-final language.
3 The exact amount of letters depends on what one considers a letter in the Dryadic alphabet; this will
be further looked at in section 3.1.
2. Phonology and Phonetics
2.1. Dryadic Physiology and Speech
The organs and structures used in the articulation of dryadic speech are very
similar to that of humans. The dryadic mouth, throat, and nasal cavity bear surprising
similarities with human anatomy and allow for the production of many similar
phonemes. These phonemes are not exact. Dryads lack a bridged nose and have a
much smaller nasal cavity, which changes the resonance of nasal consonants and
nasalized vowels. Their teeth-like structures are also made of a woody lignin
substance slightly affecting the quality of frication with dental fricatives. The most
striking difference is in the lungs. Unlike humans, who have full control over the
inflow and outflow of air in their lungs, dryads’ lungs act as independent structures.
Their breathing is entirely involuntary, bringing in and expelling air in periods of
equal length. This causes all dryadic languages to be spoken in a manor of alternating
pulmonic egression and ingression.
2.2. Phonemes
There are 6 vowels, 1 diphthong, and 25 consonant phonemes in Classical Eastern
Dryadic.
2.2.1. Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
m
p b
f v
Nasal
Stop
Fricative
Approximate
Tap
Lateral
n
t d
θ ð
(l̪ )
(n)
ɲ
ʃ ʒ
j
(t) (d)
s z
ɾ
l
ŋ
k g
x ɣ
w
(h)
The dental /n̪ /, /t̪ /, and /d̪ / are retracted to the alveolar /n/, /t/, and /d/ in certain
consonant clusters, such as /st/, /zd/, /ʃt/, /ʒd/, /ɾt/, and /ɾd/.
stoñ [stõŋ] ‘to plant’, ‘to speak’
twel [t̪ ʷɛːl̪ ] ‘many’
In the some dialects of Eastern Classical Dryadic, speakers may pronounce the
/ɾ/ as /ʐ/ or /ʂ/ when preceded by a non-nasal bilabial consonant, or followed by /t̪ / or
/d̪ /, which in this case, would become /t/ and /d/.
bruñ [bɾũŋ] ~ [bʐũm] ‘to give’
artym [ˈhaɾt!̃m] ~ [ˈhaɾtʃʲə̃m] ~ [ˈhaʂtʃʲə̃m] ‘full-moon’, ‘one’
In these same dialects, when /ɾ/ is preceded by a nasal, the nasal becomes a
stop.
nruth [nɾuːθ] ~ [dɾuːθ] ‘beautiful’
In some dialects, and later on towards Middle Meliadic Dryadic, /t̪ i/ and /d̪ i/
are retracted to /ti/ and /di/, and in some cases even palatalized to become /tʃi/ and
/dʒi/. The same is true with /t̪ ʲ/ and /d̪ ʲ/ becoming /tʃ/ and /dʒ/.
andin [ˈhandĩn] ~ [ˈhandʒĩn] ‘peach-like fruit’
tiaroñ [ˈt̪ ʲaɾɔ̃ŋ] ~ [ˈtʃaɾɔ̃ŋ] ‘to rip’, ‘to pull apart’
The same phenomenon can also result in the palatalization of /si/ and /zi/ to
/ʃi/ and /ʒi/.
sichros [ˈsixɾɔs] ~ [ˈʃixɾɔs] ‘now’, ‘at this time’
The phoneme /l/ becomes fronted to a dental /l̪ / at the end of a word. This also
happens when /l/ proceeds a dental consonant and when /l/ proceeds a labial or velar
consonant while following an open or mid vowel such as /ɛ/, /ɔ/, or /a/.
ñwel [ŋʷɛl̪ ] ‘yes’, ‘such’, ‘true’
mil’dherys [mil̪ ˈðɛɾɨs] ‘sea creature’, ‘aquatic animaplant’
palgise [pal̪ ˈgisɛ] ‘quickly’
Vowels never begin a word; instead, all words that seem to begin with a vowel,
actually begin with the phoneme /h/.
2.2.2. Vowels
aeryth [ˈhaɪɾɨθ] ‘earth’, ‘soil’, ‘food’
elath [ˈhɛlaθ] ‘elath flower’, ‘eunomic lilac’
uthyr [ˈhuθɨɾ] ‘random’, ‘unpredictable’
Front Central Back
Close
Mid
Open
i
ɛ
u
ɔ
ɨ
(jə)
a
Diphthong
aɪː
The vowel /jə/ is a variation of /ɨ/ and can be found in certain dialects
palatalizing the consonant that precedes it.
izyn [ˈhiz!̃n] ~ [ˈhiʒʲə̃n] ‘strange’, ‘abnormal’
chwyn [xʷ!̃n] ~ [xɥə̃n] ‘sprout’, ‘child’
In one of its evolutionary branches containing Middle Meliadic Dryadic, /jə/
came to replace /ɨ/, palatalizing the consonants that come before it. Every vowel is
also nasalized when it precedes a nasal consonant.
chronzeñ [ˈxɾɔ̃nzɛ̃ŋ] ‘to love’
zuluñ [ˈzulũŋ] ~ [ˈzulũm] ‘perhaps’, ‘maybe’
2.3. Stress
The main stress of a root word in its null form is always on the penultimate
syllable. All root words in their null form can have no more than three syllables.
drís [ˈd̪ ɾis] ‘tree’, ‘word’
élos [ˈhɛ.lɔs] ‘nostril(s)’
sorélyñ [sɔ.ˈɾɛ.l!̃ŋ] ‘to comfort’, ‘to embrace’
When a root word is inflected with a case or TAM ending, the stress remains
on the penultimate syllable of the entire word.
dríse [ˈd̪ ɾi.sɛ] ‘to the tree/word’
drisíse [d̪ ɾi.ˈsi.sɛ] ‘from the tree/word’
elóse [hɛ.ˈlɔ.sɛ] ‘to the nostril(s)’
elosíse [hɛ.lɔ.ˈsi.sɛ] ‘from the nostril(s)’
crélen [ˈkɾɛ.lɛ̃n] ‘(it) doesn’t come/go’
creléno [kɾɛ.ˈlɛ̃.nɔ] ‘doesn’t (it) come/go?’
If a lexical suffix is attached to a root word, then the stress remains on the
penultimate syllable in both the null and inflected forms.
drísyph (dris + -yph)4 [ˈd̪ ɾi.sɨf] ‘young tree’, ‘sappling’
drísphe [ˈd̪ ɾis.fɛ] ‘to the young tree’
drisphíse [d̪ ɾis.ˈfi.sɛ] ‘from the young tree’
drísel (dris + -el)5 [ˈd̪ ɾi.sɛl̪ ] ‘dryad’, ‘sentient individual’
4 The suffix -yf indicates something young or juvenile.
5 The suffix -el indicates a sentient or conscious, usually humanoid, being. It can also be used to
indicated a ‘doer’ of something, similarly to the English suffix -er.
driséle [d̪ ɾi.ˈsɛ.lɛ] ‘to the dryad’
driselíse [d̪ ɾi.sɛ.ˈli.sɛ] ‘from the dryad’
When a lexical prefix is attached to a root word, then, if the root has one
syllable, the stress is on the last syllable. In all other cases, the stress remains on the
penultimate syllable.
zedrís (ze- + dris) [zɛ.ˈd̪ ɾis] ‘trees’, ‘words’, ‘language’
zedrísel (ze- + drisel) [zɛ.ˈd̪ ɾi.sɛl̪ ] ‘dryads’, ‘people’
shecréñ (she- + creñ) [ʃɛ.ˈxɾɛ̃ŋ] ‘to leave’
shethmiéryc (sheth- + mieryc) [ʃɛθ.ˈmʲɛ.ɾɨk̚ ] ‘yesterday night’
chrezhýl (chreth- + zhyl) [xɾɛ.ˈʒɨl̪ ] ‘tomorrow’
When a root word with a lexical prefix is inflected, the stress is on the
penultimate syllable unless the inflected word has two syllables, in which case the
stress would be on the last syllable.
zedríse [zɛ.ˈd̪ ɾi.sɛ] ‘to the tree’
zedriséle [zɛ. d̪ ɾi.ˈsɛ.l̪ ɛ]] ‘to the dryad’
shecrélen [ʃɛ.ˈxɾɛ.lɛ̃n] ‘(it) doesn’t leave’
shecreléno [ʃɛ. xɾɛ.ˈlɛ̃.nɔ] ‘doesn’t (it) leave?’
shethmiergíse [ˌʃɛθ.mʲɛɾ.ˈgi.sɛ] ‘since yesterday night’
chrezhlé [xɾɛ.ˈʒlɛ] ‘until tomorrow’
In the case of compound words, if the word has a total of two syllables then
the stress is on the penultimate syllable. The stress remains on the penultimate
syllable in its inflected forms as well.
mílaer (mil + aer) [ˈmi.laɪɾ] ‘water’
miláere [mi.ˈlaɪ.ɾɛ] ‘to the water’
milaeríse [mi.laɪ.ˈɾi.sɛ] ‘from the water’
If the compound word has three syllables – the first root in the compound
containing two syllables and the second root containing one syllable – then the
primary stress is on the first syllable and the secondary stress is on the third syllable.
When such a word is inflected, the stress moves to the penultimate syllable.
árzhy’drìs [ˈhaɾ.ʒɨ.ˌd̪ ɾis] ‘father’
arzhy’dríse [haɾ.ʒɨ.ˈd̪ ɾi.sɛ] ‘to the father’
arzhy’drisíse [haɾ.ʒɨ. d̪ ɾi.ˈsi.sɛ] ‘from the father’
If the compound words have three syllables, but the first root has one syllable
and the second root has two syllables, then the stress is on the penultimate syllable in
both in the null form and inflected forms.
bhzul’áryzh [vzu.ˈla.ɾɨʒ] ‘stupidity’
bhzul’árzhe [vzu.ˈlaɾ.ʒɛ] ‘to the stupidity’
bhzul’arzhíse [vzu.laɾ.ˈʒi.sɛ] ‘from the stupidity’
2.4. Phonotactics
A syllable in Classical Dryadic is structured as the following:
C(C)(C)V(C)
The following are all the viable onset consonants and consonant clusters in
Classical Eastern Dryadic. All words in Classical Dryadic must begin with a
consonant sound, specifically one of the primary consonants found to the left of the
chart below. The chart also lists every viable consonant cluster that can begin a
syllable or word in Classical Dryadic.
Secondary Consonants
/m/
/p~b/
/f~v/
/n/
/t~d/
/θ~ð/
/s~z/
/ʃ~ʒ/
/ɾ/
/l/
/j/
/k~g/
/x~ɣ/
/w/
/m/
/p/
/b/
/f/
/v/
/n/
/t/
/d/
/θ/
/ð/
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/
/ʒ/
/ɾ/
/l/
/j/
/ŋ/
/k/
/g/
/x/
/ɣ/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/θf/
/ðv/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/sm/
/sp/
/sf/
/sn/
/st/
/zm/
/zb/
/zv/
/zn/
/zd/
/ʃm/
/ʃp/
/ʒm/
/ʒb/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/ʃn/
/ʃt/
/ʒn/
/ʒd/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/mɾ/
/ml/
/mj/
/pθ/
/ps/
/pʃ/
/pɾ/
/pl/
/pj/
/bð/
/bz/
/bʒ/
/bɾ/
/bl/
/bj/
/fθ/
/fs/
/fʃ/
/fɾ/
/fl/
/fj/
/vð/
/vz/
/vʒ/
/vɾ/
/vl/
/vj/
–
–
–
–
–
/sθ/
/zð/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/nɾ/
/tɾ/
/dɾ/
–
–
–
/nj/
/tj/
/dj/
/θɾ/
/θl/
/θj/
/ðɾ/
/ðl/
/ðj/
–
–
–
–
–
/ŋɾ/
–
–
–
–
–
–
/ʃj/
/ʒj/
/ɾj/
/lj/
–
/ŋj/
/ks/
/kʃ/
/kɾ/
/kl/
/kj/
/gz/
/gʒ/
/gɾ/
/gl/
/gj/
–
–
–
–
/xɾ/
/xl/
/xj/
/ɣɾ/
/ɣl/
/ɣj/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/mw/
/pw/
/bw/
/fw/
/vw/
/nw/
/tw/
/dw/
/θx/
/θw/
/ðɣ/
/ðw/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
/ʃw/
/ʒw/
/ɾw/
/lw/
–
/ŋw/
/kw/
/gw/
/xw/
/ɣw/
–
–
/sj/
/sk/
/sx/
/sw/
/zɾ/
/zl/
/zj/
/zg/
/zɣ/
/zw/
/w/
/h/
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
The /s/ and /z/ consonant clusters featuring a secondary nasal, stop, or fricative
can also take on a trinary (semi-)consonant of either /j/ or /w/.
snwor [snʷɔɾ] ‘song’
zdwesh [zdʷɛʃ] ‘tendrils’
The nucleus of a Classical Dryadic syllable is fairly straightforward as it
simply one of the 6 vowels or the one diphthong found in the language: /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɨ/,
/ɔ/, /u/, or /aɪ/.
The following consonants can act as a coda in Classical Dryadic, but only
when the syllable is at the end of the word: /p/, /f/, /t/, /θ/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ɾ̥ /, /l̥ /, /k/,
and /x/. If the syllable is in the middle of a word and the subsequent syllable begins
with a voiced consonant (i.e. when forming a compound word), then the consonants
become voiced: /b/, /v/, /d/, /ð/, /z/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ʒ/, /ɾ/, /l/, /g/, and /ɣ/.
pwezbhel (pwes + bhel) [ˈpʷɛzvɛl̪ ] ‘deciduous leaf’
phiadh’zeñ (phiath + zeñ) [ˈfʲaðzɛ̃ŋ] ‘to love, befriend’
If the subsequent syllable begins with an unvoiced consonant, then the
consonants remain unvoiced, except in the cases of /z/ and /ʒ/, which become /s/ and
/ʃ/.
shic’stoñ (shic + stoñ) [ˈʃikstɔ̃ŋ] ‘to yell’
myth’sieruñ (myth + sier + -uñ) [mɨθˈsʲɛɾũŋ] ‘sympathetic’
If a syllable beginning with a vowel (technically /h/) is morphologically
placed or ‘glued’ after a syllable ending in a coda consonent (either through inflection
or word compounding), then the /h/ is dropped and the coda becomes voiced except in
the case of fricatives, which remain unvoiced.
phiet [fʲɛt̪
̚ ] ‘floor’
phiedol (phiet + -ol) [ˈfʲɛd̪ ɔl̪ ] ‘on/above the floor’
mieryc [ˈmʲɛɾɨk̚ ] ‘night’
mierguñ (mieryc + -uñ) [ˈmʲɛɾgũŋ] ‘at night’, ‘during the night’
The nasal consonants /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ can also end a syllable at the end of a
word. When a syllable follows a nasal consonant, and it begins with a single unvoiced
consonant, then the nasal consonant nasalizes to the same articulation as the
consonant, and that consonant becomes voiced (with the exception of /s/ and /ʃ/).
chiambesh (chiam + pesh) [ˈxʲãmbɛʃ] ‘perfume’
creñgrim (crem + crim) [ˈkɾɛ̃ŋgɾĩm] ‘memory’
This voicing also happens when the single unvoiced consonant is a stop and is
preceded by a vowel.
dhebaeros (dhewa + paeros) [ðɛˈbaɪɾɔs] ‘circle’
sidoche (si- + toch + -e) [siˈd̪ ɔxɛ] ‘precisely, exactly’
There are no geminate consonants in Classical Dryadic, so when two of the
same consonant end up next to each other, one of them is dropped.
chel’snwor (chelys + snwor) [ˈxɛlsnʷɔɾ] ‘thunder’
nusho’mil (nushom + mil) [ˈn̪ uʃɔˌmil̪ ] ‘doubt’, ‘mistrust’
3. Writing System and Romanization
3.1. Classical Dryadic Alphabet
Classical Eastern Dryadic is written using a featural alphabet, originating from
a part-logographic part-abjad script that was used to write Ancient Dryadic. The
alphabet is written away from the writer, from bottom to top in lines going left to right,
mimicking the growth of plants6. The Ancient Dryadic script was originally written
on the ground, in dirt, sand, or mud, using a stick or one’s finger7; however, by the
time of the Classical Dryadic languages, the written language had transferred to
colorful paints on walls and stone (using a brush or using a finger), and eventually to
ink on parchment (usually with a brush).
Phonetically speaking, the Classical Dryadic alphabet can be broken into 14
separate components that comprise the written language. The components come
together to form 29 phonetic letters, 21 consonants, 2 semi-consonants, and 6 vowels,
which are displayed in the chart below.
Letters
Full Name
Short Name IPA Romanization
p
b
f
v
t
pesh ‘pollen’
pesh
/p/
leph pesh ‘deep pollen’
besh
/b/
p
b
thruch pesh ‘thin pollen’
phesh
/f/
ph
lephthruch pesh ‘deep-thin pollen’
bhesh
/v/
bh
tos ‘spore’
tos
/t/
t
6 For rendering and utility purposes, any written Dryadic in this grammar will be displayed left to right
like English using a modern Dryadic computer font except in the charts displaying individual letters.
7 Many of the remaining samples of Ancient Dryadic writting are preserved in hardened mud and clay.
d
T
D
k
g
h
G
S
Z
F
V
N
leph tos ‘deep spore’
dos
/d/
d
thruch tos ‘thin spore’
thos
/θ/
th
lephthruch tos ‘deep-thin spore’
dhos
/ð/
dh
cesta ‘pod’
cesta
/k/
leph cesta ‘deep pod’
gesta
/g/
c
g
thruch cesta ‘thin pod’
chesta
/x/
ch
lephthruch cesta ‘deep-thin pod’
ghesta
/ɣ/
gh
sun ‘leaf bud’
sun
/s/
leph sun ‘deep leaf bud’
zun
/z/
s
z
thruch sun ‘thin leaf bud’
shun
/ʃ/
sh
lephthruch sun ‘deep-thin leaf bud’
zhun
/ʒ/
zh
ñeltosyc ‘left sporangium’
ñel
/ŋ/
ñ
r
n
M
L
w
j
a
e
y
i
o
u
rintosyc ‘right sporangium’
rin
/ɾ/
nilbhel ‘unfurling leaf’
nilbhel
/n/
r
n
nizbhel ‘unfurled leaf’
nizbhel
/m/
m
lot ‘flower bud’
lot
/l/
l
wethych ‘sepal’
wethych
/w/
w
dwesh toscy ‘tendril of sporangium’
yot
/j/
y/i
dwesh a ‘tendril a’
a
/a/
dwesh e ‘tendril e’
dwesh y ‘tendril y’
dwesh i ‘tendril i’
dwesh o ‘tendril o’
dwesh u ‘tendril u’
e
y
i
o
u
/ɛ/
/ɨ/
/i/
/ɔ/
/u/
a
e
y
i
o
u
As seen above, the letters pesh, tos, cesta, and sun all act as bases for their
‘deep’, ‘thin’, and ‘deep-thin’ counterparts. By adding an extra node below the base to
the left side of the stem, the node acts as the lebhem or a ‘deepener’ or even a ‘voicer’,
which voices the consonant. Another diacritic, a sort of squiggly line called the
thrughem, ‘thinner’ or ‘fricator’, can be placed to the left of the letter to make it
fricative. The vowels are simply made up of 3 distinct letters, and the side of the stem
it rests on determines its pronunciation.
The lebhem, however, does not only determine the voicing of one consonant,
but also the voicing of an entire string of consonants. For instance, the previously
mentioned example in 2.4 with pwezbhel, the lebhem with the leph pesh in bhel would
be moved behind the sun in pwes.
cpweS + cveL
pwes (‘fallen’) + bhel (‘leaf’)
cpwezfeL
pwezbhel (‘deciduous leaf’)
Additionally, the example using the word zdwesh would be spelled as follows:
cztweF
zdwesh (‘tendrils’)
The letters are all placed on a poviath or ‘stem’ connecting all the letters of one
word or root word. All words begin with a shtol’poviath or ‘beginning stem’, and
words that end in vowels must end with an erys or ‘blossom’.
Letter/Character
Name
c
x
shtol’poviath
erys
It is often debated whether these two characters should be treated as letters
themselves or as punctuation, resulting in confusion as to whether there are 29 letters
or 31 letters in the Classical Dryadic alphabet. A break in the stem is used to indicate
most compound words or contractions:
carJy ‘driS
arzhy’dris (‘father’)
cers ‘seN
ers’señ (‘to blossom’, ‘to like’)
There are three primary symbols used for punctuation in Classical Dryadic.
The following chart displays the punctuation, its Dryadic name, and the English
equivalent:
Punctuation
Name
English Equivalent
,
.
:
dharomyph ‘small pause’
comma, semicolon
dharomyc ‘full pause’
period, exclamation or
question mark
chomyc ‘something that explains,
tells, or shares’
colon, quotation marks
The dharomyph is used to separate clauses or when separating individual
objects in a list, much like the English use of the comma. The dharomyc indicates a
full stop, usually the end of a complete sentence. The chomyc, however, can serve the
functions of both a colon and of quotation marks. It can be used to indicate a list of
objects, or to show that the following line of text is spoken aloud. The following
example sentence demonstrates the use of the three different kinds of punctuation:
cbex czedrisax cton cdaS , cNjer cdex
csjex czedrisax cstoM cbaS : cdux
cGrisex cg ‘arDelaex .
Be zedrisa ston das, ñier de sia zedrisa stom bas: du ghrise g’ardhelae.
I talked to her, but she told me that she really dislikes me.
(Lit. I talked to her, but she said to me this: I really dislike you!)
The dharomyc itself does not actually determine whether a sentence is
interrogative or exclamatory; that is done through suffixes and other cues in the
language itself. The dharomyc simply indicates the end of a complete sentence.
3.2. Romanization
The most popular and widely used romanization system of Classical Dryadic
is the Willis romanization, which was devised in 32 AFC by the human xenolinguist,
Enid J. Willis. Other systems of romanization were proposed by other linguists;
however, the Willis romanization proved the most effective at conveying both the
spoken and written language and eventually became the official romanization of the
Classical Dryadic language in scholarly work. The Willis romanization also proved
popular with native dryads as a method to write their own language using Latin
characters.
The Willis romanization uses 21 individual Latin characters: a, b, c, d, e, g, h,
i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, and z. The letter h, however, is used with base
consonants to represent the thrughem or the ‘fricator’. This creates 8 diglyphs
representing a single sound: bh, ch, dh, gh, ph, sh, th, and zh. When two voiced
consonants are in a consonant cluster, they are both written as voiced using the Willis
romanization. Another less popular romanization, the Branson romanization or
Branson transcription, assigns each sound its own letter and gets rid of the diglyphs
used in Willis romanization. Willis also devised a transliteration system, called Willis
transliteration, which marks voiced consonants with a dot above the voiceless
consonant mimicking the use of the lebhem in Dryadic orthography and includes
other features that mimic the language’s orthography. The following chart shows the
letters of the Classical Dryadic alphabet and their respective transcriptions and
transliterations in the three systems previously mentioned:
Letters IPA Willis Rom. Branson Rom. Willis Trans.
p
b
f
v
/p/
/b/
p
b
/f/
ph
/v/
bh
p
b
f
v
p
ṗ
p
ṗh
t
d
T
D
k
g
h
G
/t/
/d/
t
d
/θ/
th
/ð/
dh
/k/
/g/
c
g
/x/
ch
/ɣ/
gh
S
/s/
Z
/z/
s
z
F
V
/ʃ/
sh
/ʒ/
zh
t
d
ç
c
k
g
h
ğ
s
z
š
ž
t
ṫ
th
ṫh
c
ċ
ch
ċh
s
ṡ
sh
ṡh
/ŋ/
/ɾ/
/n/
ñ
r
n
/m/
m
/l/
l
/w/
w
/j/
/a/
/ɛ/
/ɨ/
/i/
/ɔ/
y/i
a
e
y
i
o
N
r
n
M
L
w
j
a
e
y
i
o
ŋ
r
n
m
l
w
j
a
e
y
i
o
ŋ
r
n
m
l
w
y
a
ä
i
ï
o
/u/
u
u
/aɪ/
ae
ai/aj
ö
aä
u
e
a
The following example sentences show the three systems in use:
cpwezfelax cTela ‘Telax cnuCoN
caryM cnweTaL .
Spwezbhela thela’thela nushoñ arym nwethal.
Spwezvela çela’çela nušoŋ arym nweçal.
Spwäṡphela thäla’thäla nöshoŋ arim nwäthal.
(The autumn breeze softly tosses the deciduous leaves.)
cTaelax cpewaDax csmirinex carDesaf
chrosaf , csfuroL cfjulgoL cstoS
cwiM cbaS .
Thaela Pewadha smirine ardhesaph chrosaph, sphurol phiulgol stos wim bas.
Çaila pewaca smirine arcesaf hrosaf, sfurol fjulgol stos wim bas.
Thaäla päwaṫha smïrïnä arṫhäsaph chrosaph, sphörol phyölċol stos wïm ṗas.
(When the Great Peony came into the world, he resided upon a lush hilltop.)
Punctuation remains the same in all three systems; however, when using the
Willis romanization, especially in an informal setting, it is not uncommon to see the
use of question marks and exclamation marks in the place of a dharomyc, usually for
emphasis. Generally, the dharomyc is represented by a period, the dharomyph is
represented by a comma, and the chomyc is represented by a colon.
4. Nouns and Pronouns
4.1. Plural Prefixes
Classical Dryadic distinguishes between singular and plural nouns. The plural
form of most nouns is formed by attached the plural prefix s/z(e)- to the front of a
noun. If the noun begins with a single, unvoiced consonant, excluding s or sh, then the
prefix s- is used.
thoñyl ‘cave’ > sthoñyl ‘caves’
carys ‘shore’ > scarys ‘shores’
If it begins with a voiced consonant or a sonorants, excluding z, zh, or ñ, then
the prefix z- is used.
bwor ‘wall’ > zbwor ‘walls’
nweth ‘wind’ > znweth ‘winds’
If the noun begins with a vowel, then the noun remains unchanged and takes
on no prefix.
erys ‘blossom’ > erys ‘blossoms’
aeth ‘floor, level > aeth ‘floors, levels’
The prefix ze- is used in all other cases; when the word starts with s, sh, z, zh,
or ñ, and when the word begins with a consonant cluster.
shil ‘bed’ > zeshil ‘beds’
dris ‘tree, word’ > zedris ‘trees, language’
Some nouns are irregular and have no plural form. These nouns are commonly
used with numbers or other quantitative adjectives and act as ‘counting nouns’.
zhyl ‘day, days’ > twel zhyl ‘many days’
zbhel ‘step, stairs’ > clivuñ zbhel ‘some steps’
Few nouns still show traces of an archaic dual number prefix; however, these
nouns are now treated as a single entity instead of an actual dual noun.
cozhyl ‘two-day period’ > chrowa cozhyl ‘three two-day periods’
colun ‘two moon period, Dryadic month’ > dhel colun ‘two Dryadic months’
This archaic dual prefix can also serve as the plural form of some nouns. Most
such nouns are found in pairs of two.
ghas ‘hand’ > coghas ‘hands’
nrel ‘eye’ > conrel ‘eyes’
The plural and dual prefix historically originated from Ancient Dryadic
numerals. The ancient number two, [qɑluːjaɾ] in Proto-Dryadic (coyar in Classical
Dryadic), shortened to [qɑlu-] and eventually co- and fused with nouns to represent
the dual form, which was commonly used in Ancient/Pre-Classical Dryadic. The
ancient number three, [sɛpʰuːɾat̪ ʰ] in Proto-Dryadic (sphurath in Classical Dryadic),
shortened to [sɛ-] or se- and eventually s/z(e)- and fused with nouns to represent the
plural form.
4.2. Noun Cases
The Classical Dryadic language has a rich case system, similar to that of
Caucasian languages on Earth. Many of these cases, however, are formed through the
combination of 20 basic case suffixes. These basic ‘building’ suffixes are divided into
three groups: relational/essive suffixes, locative suffixes, and lative suffixes. The final
group is the vocative group, which is independent of the other case endings. The
following chart displays all the basic suffixes and their use:
Case
Suffix
Use
Null
–
– The normal, unmarked form of a noun
Absolutive
-a
– The object of a transitive verb
– The subject of an intransitive verb
Genitive
-i/y
– The possessor of another noun
Instrumental
/Comitative
-u
– An instrument or means of doing something
– Being in company of someone/something
Carrative
-wen
– The lack of something
Comparative
-on
– A comparison with something
Essive-
modal
-uñ
Adessive
-aph
– A temporary state of being
– Concerning something/someone
– A general location, at something
– Around or near something
Abessive
Inessive
-is
-in
– The absence of something
– Located inside something
Extraessive
-och
– Located outside something
Superessive
-ol
– Located above something
Subessive
-oph
– Located under something
e
v
i
s
s
E
/
l
a
n
o
i
t
a
l
e
R
e
v
i
t
a
c
o
L
Antessive
-ath
– Located in front or before something
Postessive
-us
– Located behind or after something
Apudessive
-ech
– Located next to or beside something
Intrative
-uñ
– Located between two of something
Allative
-e
– Motion to something
e
v
i
t
a
L
e
v
i
t
a
c
o
V
Ablative
Perlative
Informal
-ise
-ith
-ae
Formal
-ayoñ
– Motion from something
– Motion through or along something
– Addressing someone familiar or younger
– Addressing someone unfamiliar
– Addressing someone of respect
Vulgar
-izhem
– Addressing someone/something of annoyance
4.2.1. Relational and Essive Suffixes
The first set of suffixes expresses morphosyntactic relation and states of the
noun or pronoun. The following charts display the three personal pronouns of
Classical Dryadic and their plural counterparts in each of the relational and essive
cases:
Null Abs Gen Inst/Com Car Comp Ess-M
1st S.
da
da
di
1st Pl.
zda
zda
zdi
2nd S.
ga
ga
gi
2nd Pl.
zga
zga
zgi
3rd S.
ba
ba
bi
3rd Pl.
zba
zba
zbi
du
zdu
gu
zgu
bu
zbu
dwen
don
duñ
zdwen
zdon
zduñ
gwen
gon
guñ
zgwen
zgon
zguñ
bwen
bon
buñ
zbwen
zbon
zbuñ
In the following example, the noun durym is used to demonstrate the suffixes
attached to a noun and their approximate translation to English.
Singular
Plural
durym
zdurym
durma
zdurma
English
house(s)
house(s)
durmy
zdurmy
of the house(s)
Null
Abs
Gen
Inst/Com
durmu
zdurmu
with the house(s)
Car
durmwen zdurmwen without the house(s), houseless
Comp
durmon
zdurmon
as/like the house(s)
Ess-M
durmuñ
zdurmuñ
as/concerning the house(s)
Notice that in this example, the y in the final syllable of the noun is dropped
when a suffix is added. This happens when the final syllable of a noun has the vowel
y surrounded on both sides by single consonants (not consonant clusters). This
‘disappearing y’ can reappear in other words, which have a second disappearing y,
usually from taking on a lexical suffix and then a case suffix.
durmyc (durym + -yc) > durimga ‘furniture’
ghorsyph (ghorys + -yph) > ghorispha ‘a type of instrument’
The penultimate syllable is stressed; however, the vowel y is fronted to i as
shown in the examples above.
4.2.2. Locative and Lative Suffixes
The locative and lative suffixes are used to the determine location, motion to,
motion from, and motion through something, and, thus, fill the role most adpositions
would in English. These suffixes can further combine to form even more suffixes,
specifying to where, from where, or through where the motion occurs.
Essive Lative Ablative Perlative
Ad-
Ab-
In-
-aph
-is
-in
-e
ise
-ise
–
-ith
–
-ine
-inise
-inith
Extra-
-och
-oche
-ochise
-ochith
Super-
-ol
-ole
-olise
-olith
Sub-
-oph
-ophe
-ophise
-ophith
Ant-
-ath
-athe
-athise
-athith
Post-
-us
-use
-usise
-usith
Apud-
-ech
-eche
-echise
-echith
Intra-
-uñ
-uñe
-uñise
-uñith
The locative suffixes can also combine with each other to form more specific
locations or postpositional suffixes.
In-
Extra- Super-
Sub- Ant- Post- Apud-
Ab-
-inis
In-
Extra-
-ochis
–
–
–
–
Super-
-olis
-olin
-oloch
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
-olech
Sub-
-ophis -ophin -ophoch
–
–
Ant-
-athis
-athin
-athoch
-athol
-athoph
Post-
-usis
-usin
-usoch
-usol
-usoph
Apud-
-echis
Intra-
-uñis
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
-ophech
-athech
-athoph
–
–
These compounded abessive suffixes are often used to clarify or reiterate
information on ‘when something is located away’ or ‘when it is not where it is
expected to be’, usually in agreement or disagreement with a question. For example:
Durmaph wiñ galno? “Are you at home?”
Dalen, durmis win dal. “No, I am away from home.”
Durmoch wiñ galno? “Are you outside the house (but still at home)?”
Dalen, durmochis win dal. “No, I am away from home (and thus not outside).”
The other compound suffixes are used to specify exactly where something is
located in relation to the object. Here are some examples:
Drisoph “under the tree (general)”
Drisophin “in the shade of the tree” or “the bottom of the tree (in its trunk)”
Drisophoch “underneath the tree (where its roots are)”
Durmath “at the front of the house (general)”
Durmathin “at the front (of the inside) of the house”
Durmathoch “in front of the house (outside)”
When the entire locative phrase fills a semantic or relational role in the
sentence or phrase, these locative suffixes can also be combined with the relational
and essive suffixes. For example:
Ibhinon eghros wim bal. “It is moist like the inside of (someone’s) mouth.”
Thoñlathocha gzan dal. “I see the way into the cave (the front from the outside).”
Thoñlathina gzan dal. “I see the way out of the cave (the front from the inside).”
The following is a chart showing the basic locative suffixes combined with the
relational and essive suffixes. The locative suffixes may also be compounded in
addition to taking on a relational/essive suffix as seen in the previous example.
Abs Gen
Inst/Com
Car
Comp Ess-M
In-
-ina
-iny
-inu
-inwen
-inon
-inuñ
Extra-
-ocha
-ochy
-ochu
-ochwen
-ochon
-ochuñ
Super-
-ola
-oly
-olu
-olwen
-olon
-oluñ
Sub-
-opha -ophy
-ophu
-ophwen -ophon -ophuñ
Ant-
-atha
-athy
-athu
-athwen
-athon
-athuñ
Post-
-usa
-usy
-usu
-uswen
-uson
-usuñ
Apud-
-echa
-echy
-echu
-echwen
-echon
-echuñ
Most of the time these compounded suffixes fill the role of noun phrases and
adpositional phrases that would consist of several words in English, thus condensing
them into a single word.
4.2.3. Vocative Suffixes
The vocative case in Classical Dryadic has three distinct registers: formal,
informal, and vulgar. The formal is primarily used when addressing someone of
higher social order (i.e. one’s Mother, the eldest sister, an unknown foreign sister, etc).
The informal, is used in all other occasions (i.e. a friend, a younger sister, a daughter,
etc). The vulgar register is used when one is angry or displeased with someone and
similar to the use of the English word ‘fuck(ing)’ with a noun as an interjection. The
following are examples of each registers with approximated English translations:
Csalayoñ! “Dear Mother!”
Sworelayoñ! “Dear Sister!” or “Princess!”
Chwynae! “My child!”
Ghuvelae! “My sister!”
Adhmelizhem! “Stupid pig!” or “Piece of shit!”
Gruzhbhizhem! “Damned fiend!” or “Son of a bitch!”
In some instances the vulgar register suffix can be replaced with the informal
suffix in order to lessen its intensity or to retain some respect, as the vulgar ending is
deemed as extremely taboo. Typical nouns and even nouns that are often used with
the formal register can also take on the vulgar suffix in rare instances.
Adhmelizhem! > Adhmelae! “Piece of crap!”
Gruzhbhizhem! > Gruzhbhae! “Son of a gun!”
Chwynae! > Chwynizhem! “Damned child!”
Csalayoñ! > Csalizhem! “Damned Mother!”
4.2.4. Genitive Suffixes
When a noun is in its genitive form and is possessing another noun, the
genitive noun takes on certain suffixes that agree with the case marking of the
primary noun. The genitive suffix, however, does not agree with every suffix in a
compound lative or locative suffix on the possessed noun; it only agrees with the final
suffix.
Case
Suffix
Example
Null
Abs
Gen
Ins/Com
Car
Comp
Ess-M
-i/y
-ia
-i(i)
-iu
-iu
-ion
-iuñ
erys drisely
ersa driselia
ersy driseli
ersu driseliu
erswen driseliu
erson driselion
ersuñ driseliuñ
Ad
Ab
In
-iaph ersaph driseliaph
-isy
-iin
ersis driselisy
ersin driseliin
Extra
-ioch
ersoch driselioch
Super
-iol
ersol driseliol
Sub
Ant
Post
-ioph ersoph driselioph
-iath
ersath driseliath
-ius
ersus driselius
Apud
-iech
ersech driseliech
Intra
-iuñ
ersuñ driseliuñ
All
Abl
Per
-ie
erse driselie
-(is)ie ersise drisel(is)ie
-iith
ersith driseliith
e
v
i
s
s
E
/
l
a
n
o
i
a
l
e
R
e
v
i
t
a
c
o
L
e
v
i
t
a
L
Inform
e
v
i
t
a
c
o
V
Form
Vulgar
-y
-y
-y
drisely ersae
drisely ersayoñ
drisely ersizhem
As seen in the chart above, the genitive form of a noun always follows the
noun that it possesses, except in the vocative cases. The reason the -is is optional in
the ablative form is because it is technically of a compound construction of the
abessive suffix combined with the allative suffix. In the null form, -i is used instead of
-y whenever the noun or pronoun has only one syllable in its genitive null form, most
likely through a disappearing y in the nucleus of its non-genitive null form.
4.2.5. Other Affixes and Adpositions
The infix -odh- is used to express ‘too’ or ‘also’, and is commonly infixed to
nouns and pronouns (before the case endings). The overall meaning of the sentence
and what is implied can change depending on which word it affixed to.
Dodhe win durmal. “I, too, have a house (you aren’t the only one).”
De win durmodhal. “I also a house (on top of the other thing I mentioned).”
Dodha mile crevial. “I, too, would like to go to the sea.”
Da milodhe crevial. “I would also like to go to the sea.”
Due to the extensive use of locative and lative suffixes in Classical Dryadic,
there are not many adpositions. The most common of these is the preposition, dho,
which combines with the genitive and absolutive forms of a noun to express either
causality or intent. When dho is used with a noun taking on the genitive suffix, then it
expresses causality or, more specifically, that the noun causes someone or something
else to do or be something non-volitionally. This is often translated as the phrase
‘because of’ in English.
Dho ñury aery, ers’señ zlotalen.
“The flowers do not blossom because of the winter weather.”
Dho gi, sichrosus de wiñ ghela shestol ebhalen.
“Because of you, I can no longer fall asleep.”
When dho is used with a noun taking on the absolutive suffix, then it
expresses intent and shows that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the
situation expressed by the clause and, in most cases, is volitional or intended.
Dho ga, csale zedrisa ston das. “I spoke to Mother for you.”
Dho itra milaera, milbhishe crel win dal.
“I am going to the river for some fresh water.”
The use of dho will be discussed further in relation to dependent clauses in
Classical Dryadic and verbal phrases.
5. Adjectives and Adverbs
5.1. Adjectival Agreement
Adjectives take on agreement suffixes much like the genitive forms of nouns
take on extra endings in agreement with the noun they possess; however, unlike
genitive nouns, the adjective always precedes the noun it modifies. The following
chart displays all of the adjectival endings with each case and an example of an
adjective modifying a noun.
e
v
i
s
s
E
/
l
a
n
o
i
a
l
e
R
e
v
i
t
a
c
o
L
e
v
i
t
a
L
Case
Suffix
Example
Null
Abs
Gen
–
-a
bhzul dris
bhzula drisa
-i/y
bhzuly drisy
Ins/Com
Car
Comp
Ess-M
-u
-u
-on
-uñ
bhzulu drisu
bhzulu driswen
bhzulon drison
bhzuluñ drisuñ
Ad
Ab
In
-aph bhzulaph drisaph
-is
-in
bhzulis drisis
bhzulin drisin
Extra
-och
bhzuloch drisoch
Super
-ol
bhzulol drisol
Sub
Ant
Post
-oph bhzuloph drisoph
-ath
bhzulath drisath
-us
bhzulus drisus
Apud
-ech
bhzulech drisech
Intra
-uñ
bhzuluñ zedrisuñ
All
Abl
Per
Inform
e
v
i
t
a
c
o
V
Form
Vulgar
-e
-ise
-ith
–
–
–
bhzule drise
bhzulise drisise
bhzulith drisith
bhzul drisae
bhzul drisayoñ
bhzul drisizhem
When modifying a noun that takes on a compounded suffix, the adjective
agrees with only with the final suffix. If it modifies a noun with an agreeing genitive
suffix other than the genitive null form, then it takes on the same suffix as the noun.
Bhzulne durmine da cres. “I entered the large house.”
Spwezbhela ghria drisia nwethith zeral.
“The fallen leaves of the barren tree flutter through the wind.”
5.2. Forming Superlatives and Comparatives
To form the superlative and comparative forms of an adjective, suffixes
coming from certain locative suffixes are attached to the end. The superessive suffix
is used for the superlative, and a combination of the superessive and abessive suffixes
is used for comparatives. The reverse can be used as well with the subessive suffix,
taking on the meaning of “less” or “least”. The following chart displays the suffixes
and examples of their usage:
Suffix
Use
Example Translation
-ol
Superlative
swarol
sweetest
-olis
Comparative
swarolis
sweeter
-oph Anti-superlative
swaroph
least sweet
-ophis Anti-comparative swarophis
less sweet
These suffixes are not in agreement with a noun and are in the null form;
therefore, if they modify a noun they must take on an agreement suffix.
Sphurola drisa gzan das. “I saw the greenest tree.”
Chwerolisin aerthin wadha mreston das. “I replanted the seed in richer soil.”
When using an adjective to compare one noun to a second noun, the second
noun takes on the essive-modal suffix, and the adjective can take on either the
superlative or comparative form. The following example demonstrates this
construction:
Guñ dachol(is) win dal. “I am taller than you.”
Pustochuñ twelise ghwinol(is) wim pustinal.
“Inside the forest is much safer than outside the forest.”
Zbhaluñ nruthoph(is) wiñ zbhermal. “Leaves are less pretty than petals.”
In such a construction the superlative form of the adjective is used more often
since the comparativeness can be implied from context.
5.3. Adverbs and Adverbial Suffixes
In order to form an adverb in Classical Dryadic, the ablative suffix is added to
the end of an adjective.
palyc “quick” > palgise “quickly”
sphur “green, good” > sphurise “greenly, well”
That adjective is then most commonly placed in front of the primary verb of
the sentence; however, its placement is not entirely absolute, as it can also be placed
anywhere in the sentence as long as it comes before the verb.
Zedrisa sphurise stom bal. “He speaks well.”
Palgise ga crevae! “Go quickly!”
A second adverbial suffix exists, -eph; however, it is considered fairly archaic
and is rarely used. It is mainly used with higher registers or speech levels, which will
be further discussed in the next chapter.
Zedrisa sphureph stom baloñ. “He speaks well.”
Palgeph ga crevayoñ! “Go quickly!”
Other adverbs may be formed from nouns through certain affixes, the most
common of which being the instrumental, carative, essive-modal, and the comparative
suffixes.
Arzhu peghos win dal. “I am very tired.”
Psomwen pses win das. “I was helplessly lost.”
Chrethmierguñ ghela ston dalen. “I will not sleep tomorrow night.”
Zuluñ ge win du elvise crel eval. “Perhaps you can come with me.”
Aertha bia pethchon flon das. “I accidentally ate her food.”
The essive-modal suffix may also be used to form adjectives from nouns,
which then may take on an adverbial suffix such as the ablative suffix.
Gruthchuñise ñures win di ghuvelas. “My sister was dangerously injured.”
Milaerolin siera ñul’cholsuñise zlegzan das.
“I dispairingly stared at myself in (the reflection on) the water.”
6. Verbs and TAM (Tense-Aspect-Mood)
6.1. Transitive Verbs and Tense Endings
In Classical Dryadic, there is a clear syntactical distinction between transitive
verbs and intransitive verbs. When the main verb is intransitive, then the sentence is
verb final. When the verb is transitive, the sentence is subject final, the verb is placed
before the subject, and everything else precedes the verb. Every verb, both transitive
and intransitive, has the infinitive ending -ñ. This ending is also used as a linking
suffix for transitive verbs. This linking suffix nasalizes to -ñ, -n, or -m according to
the first phoneme of the subject noun phrase that follows it. The subject noun then
takes on a tense ending; -(a)l for non-past and -(a)s for past.
Infinitive
Linking
First Phoneme
Tense
Ending
Ending
of Subject
Ending
Example
Translation
c, g, ch, gh, ñ, s,
-ñ→
-ñ
z, sh, zh, w, l, r,
-(a)l/s
a, e, y, i, o, u
-ñ→
-n
t, d, th, dh, n
-(a)l/s
-ñ→
-m
p, b, ph, bh, m
-(a)l/s
bzhañ gal
you do (it)
bzhañ gas
you did (it)
bzhan dal
I do (it)
bzhan das
I did (it)
bzham bal
s/he does (it)
bzham bas
s/he did (it)
When a noun is the subject of a transitive verb and takes on a tense ending as
shown above, then any genitives or adjectives modifying the noun must come before
the noun. The linking ending of the verb than nasalizes to the beginning sound of
whichever word comes first in the subject noun phrase. Genitives and adjectives
modifying a transitive subject noun are in their null-forms, unless the subject noun
has a locative suffix (which comes before the tense suffix), in which case they would
take on the locative suffix.
Arzhy’snwora zem vzul chwynal. “The small child laughed.”
Aertha sphen drisy zbhermas. “The tree’s leaf touched the ground.”
Cra bin di ghasusas. “The back of my hand hit the rock.”
The copula and auxiliary verb, wiñ (‘to be’ or ‘to exist’), which is used to
connect the subject with a predicate adjective, null noun, or locative noun, is always
treated as a transitive verb.
Ghir win nrazal. “The sand is dry.”
Sworel pusty win di ghuvelal. “My sister is the princess of the forest.”
Rozhiscin win das. “I was in the garden.”
The auxiliary and semi-transitive verb, dhwoñ (‘to become’), which is used
solely with adjectives, is also treated as a transitive verb.
Swarise dhwoñ aeral. “Spring is come.” (“The air becomes sweet.”)
Chlebhise dhwom milaeras. “The water cooled down.” (“The water became cold.”)
A similar verb, ardheñ (‘to grow’, ‘to become’, ‘to like’), which can take on the
meaning ‘to become’ as used with nouns, is generally treated as an intransitive verb;
however, in certain constructions, when it acts as an auxiliary verb, it is treated as a
transitive verb. This will be further looked at in a later section.
Transitive verbs can be used in their infinitive forms with the verb zeñ in order
to form causative sentences.
Be zedrisa ston da zeñ csalas. “Mother made me speak to him.”
Phthaena ledhoryn da zeñ ñul aeral. “The cold air made me close the door.”
Alternitively, the preposition dho with a noun in its genitive form can be used
to form a causative sentence.
Dho csaly be zedrisa ston das. “Because of mother, I spoke to him.”
Dho ñuly aery phthaena ledhoryn das. “Because of the cold air, I closed the door.”
6.2. Intransitive Verbs, Participles, Negation, and Interrogatives
Intransitive verbs, as previously mentioned, always come at the end of the
sentence in the past and non-past tenses. They lose their infinitive endings and take on
a tense ending.
Infinitive Tense Ending Example Translation
Non-Past
Past
-ñ→
-ñ→
-l
-s
da crel
I go/come
da cres
I went/came
The past and present participles of both transitive and intransitive verbs are
formed in the same manner.
Infinitive Tense Ending Example Translation
Present Particple
-ñ→
Past Participle
-ñ→
-l
-s
bzhal
doing
crel
going/coming
bzhas
done
cres
gone/come
The participles can then be combined with the verb wiñ to express the stative
passive voice and continuous aspect. The terminative prefix le- is optionally attached
to the past participle denoting a result or termination of an action; this distinguishes
whether it is stative or dynamic (more verbal prefixes will be discussed later).
Lebzhas wim bal. “It is done/over.”
Du (le)gzas wiñ gas. “You were (already) seen by me.”
Du elbhise (le)gzas wiñ gas. “You were seen together with me.”
Durmoch anul win dal. “I am sitting outside the house.”
Csalu zedrisa stol wim bas. “She was talking with Mother.”
The past participle can also be combined with the verb ardheñ (treated
transitively) to form the dynamic passive voice.
Shelunuñ (le)boras ardheñ swadhmelas. “The fruits were picked last month.”
Dusuñ mierguñ (le)rwes ardheñ zbhalal. “The petals get covered in dew every night.”
Haemu (le)bis ardheñ wilbhal. “The roof is getting hit by rain.”
Du (le)gzas ardheñ gas. “You were being watched by me.”
To negate a sentence, the suffix -en is placed after the tense ending. This
applies to both transitive and intransitive verbs.
Da mile cresen. “I did not go to the sea.”
Durmaph win dalen. “I am not at home.”
When forming a yes/no question, the suffix -o is placed at the end of the
sentence, and, when asking a negative question, the e in the -en is dropped.
Ga mile creso? “Did you go to the sea?”
Ga mile cresno? “Didn’t you go to the sea?”
Durmaph wiñ galo? “Are you at home?”
Durmaph wiñ galno? “Aren’t you at home?”
How to reply ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to such a question depends on the transitivity of the
verb. If the verb is intransitive, then the verb is repeated with the tense ending, either
non-negated for ‘yes’ or negated for ‘no’. If the verb is transitive, however, then the
pronoun of the subject is said with a tense ending; without the negative ending it
means ‘yes’ and with a negative ending it means ‘no’.
Ga mile cresno? ‘Did you go to the sea?’ > Cresen. ‘No.’
Durmaph wiñ galo? ‘Are you at home?’ > Dal. ‘Yes.’
“Wh…” questions are based around the inflection of the pronoun clibha. Such
questions do not take the interrogative suffix, as it is implied from the use of the
pronoun. The word clibha can also be used as an adjective to express ‘which’.
Clibha bzhañ gal? ‘What are you doing?’
Clibhe ga crel? ‘To where are you going?’
Clibhise ga crel? ‘From where do you come?’
Clibhu bhdhwores wiñ gal? ‘How are you called?’ (‘What is your name?’)
Di wiñ clibha durmal? ‘Which house is yours?’
Clibhin pustin sphureñ gal? ‘In which forest do you live?’
Most intransitive verbs can be made causative by simply treating them as
intransitive verbs.
Da durme cres. > Durme da crethañ csalas.
“I went home.” > “Mother made me go home.” (“Mother moved me home.”)
Ba zlurys. > Ba zluryn das.
“She died.” > “I made her die.” (“I killed her.”)
Zbherma zeral. > Zbherma zeran nwethal.
“The leaves flutter.” > “The wind makes the leaves flutter.”
Some intransitive verbs, however, require the use of the prepisition dho with a
noun in its genitive form to form a causative sentence.
Da znalys. > Dho gi da znalys.
“I jumped.” > “You made me jump.” (“I jumped because of you.”)
Wuryl wim bal. > Dho di wuryl wim bal.
“She is crying.” > “I made her cry.” (“She is crying because of me.”)
6.3. Irregularities and Dual-Transitive Verbs
When a verb in its infinitive form ends with a syllable containing the vowel y,
the y changes to i if a tense ending replaces the infinitive ending.
luryñ ‘to get/sit up’ > luril/s
Ba aerthise luris. “He got up off the ground.”
Two types of irregular verbs exist in Classical Dryadic – those that end in -elñ
and those ending in -ebhñ (both pronounced -uñ). Their transitive linking form is the
same as their infinitive form except for the nasalization of the ending. When put in
their intransitive past and non-past forms the infinitive ending is removed and
replaced with -u followed by the tense ending. This is also true for the construction of
the participles of such verbs. The following chart demonstrates this using two dual-
transitive, irregular verbs, bebhñ (to break) and belñ (to pull/stretch), which are
pronounced the same in their infinitive and linking forms.
Infinitive
Linking Non-Past Past
Trans
bebhñ
bebhñ(/n/m)
bebhul
bebhus
Intrans
bebhñ
–
bebhul
bebhus
Trans
Intrans
belñ
belñ
belñ(/n/m)
belul
bebhus
–
belul
belus
Some verbs, as seen briefly above, can act as both transitive and intransitive,
often changing their meaning. Some examples of this are soryñ, chlebhyñ, creñ, etc.
Milaera soryñ zhor soral. “The summer sun warms the water.”
Da soril. “It is warm.” (“I feel warm.”)
Cedhiuna crem bas. “He moved the box.”
Laerthe ba cres. “He went to the temple.”
6.4. Speech Levels and Honorifics
Classical Dryadic society was extremely hierarchical and the language reflects
this through its six distinguished speech levels or registers which are determined
based on who is talking to whom. These speech levels are primarily expressed
through suffixes placed at the end of the sentence after the tense endings. The highest
register is even further distinguished through separate vocabulary.
Level
Suffix
Use
High
Sacred
-aroñ
with deities, fathers, sacred trees
Formal
-oñ
with mothers, elder sisters, warriors, strangers
Mid
Informal
–
with one’s self, friends, younger sisters, writing
Low
Subordinate
-ish
with saplings, inferiors (mother > daughters)
Vulgar
-izhem
with someone/something that angers you
The highest register, also called the ‘sacred register’, uses the suffix -aroñ. It is
primarily used when talking indirectly to deities, natural forces, father trees, or trees
revered as sacred and is commonly used in religious dialogue and rituals.
Artymisayoñ, bhedu s’arzha phsethameph thaelsebhayaroñ.
(Dear Artymis, guide me with your light.)
The next highest register is the formal register, which uses the suffix -oñ. It is
used when talking to one’s mother, elder sisters, warriors or other high-class dryads,
and strangers from another clan.
Csalayoñ, nezhluñ milbhishe da creloñ.
(Today I will go to the river, Mother.)
The middle or informal register takes on no suffix and is used when talking to
oneself, friends, younger sisters, and when writing.
Norbhalae, sichros cliva bzhañ gal?
(What are you going to do now, Norbhal?)
The middle-lower register, or subordinate register, uses the suffix -ish and is
used primarily by someone of higher standing talking down to someone of lower
standing, for example a mother talking to her daughters.
Di chwynae, clibhe aerthe ga crelish?
(Whither do you go, my child?)
Finally, the lowest register, otherwise known as the ‘vulgar register’, expressed
with the suffix -izhem, is used when one is angry or disgusted at someone. This
register is considered extremely taboo and disrespectful, and its use is thus limited in
everyday discourse.
Gruzhbhizhem, csala gia gruzyn dalizhem!
(Bastard, I will burn your mother!)
These speech level suffixes combine with other suffix endings. The following
chart shows some of the basic combinations of tense suffixes and speech level
suffixes. Notice, for instance, the e in the negative suffix -en disappears with the
addition of an extra ending suffix. Furthermore, many of the speech level suffixes do
not have a separate interrogative form.
Non-Past/Past
Aff
Neg
Int
Int-Neg
Sacred
-laroñ
-lnaroñ
-laroñ
-lnaroñ
Formal
Informal
-saroñ
-snaroñ
-saroñ
-snaroñ
-loñ
-soñ
-l
-s
-lnoñ
-snoñ
-len
-sen
-loñ
-soñ
-lo
-so
-lnoñ
-snoñ
-lno
-sno
Subordinate
-lish
-lnish
-sish
-snish
-lish
-sish
-lnish
-snish
Vulgar
-lizhem
-lnizhem
-lizhem
-lnizhem
-sizhem
-snizhem
-sizhem
-snizhem
Along with speech levels, Classical Dryadic also utilizes an honorific infix, –
tha-, which is placed on primary verbs. This honorific infix is only used when the
subject of the verb is a person of honor or respect (i.e. a mother, elder sister, etc.).
This also holds true when a pronoun is the subject of the verb, and the pronoun refers
to a person of honor or respect.
Rozhiscin ga gzathañ csalas. “Mother saw you in the garden.”
Ge zedrisa stotham babhial. “She wishes to speak to you.”
Some verbs, however, are irregular have entirely separate honorific forms or
counterparts and do not take on the honorific infix. These include verbs such as wiñ,
ardheñ, bruñ, and zeñ, which respectively have the honorific forms ithañ, chliseñ,
duthañ, and thañ.
Durme cres wim bal. > Durme cres itham bal. (She has gone home.)
Du sphurise g’ardhel. > Du sphurise ga chlisel. (I like you a lot.)
De ersa brum bas. > De ersa dutham bas. (She apologized to me.)
Du ers’señ gal. > Du ersa thañ gal. (I love you.)
6.5. Aspectual and Modal Affixes and Verbal Prefixes
Classical Dryadic utilizes special affixes that denote modality and aspect and
combine with the previously mentioned tense and speech level affixes. The following
chart denotes these affixes:
Affix
Construction
Meaning
Volition
-bhia- N/V + -(a)bhia- + -l/s(en)
to want to
Obligation
-ya-
N/V + -(a)ya- + -l/s(en)
to have to, to ought to
Recent-Perfect/
Simplicative
-ium
N/V + -l/s(n) + -ium
just, only, simply
Prospective
-iuch
N/V + -l/s(n) + -iuch
to be about to
The volition affix denotes a desire or intention to do something and the
obligation affix denotes a necessity to do something or something that should be
done; they are both placed before the tense suffix.
Ge bhemila nuston dabhial. (I would like to tell you a secret.)
Ge clibhda duthañ csalabhias. (Mother wanted to give you something.)
Dusa zedrisa chelse ardheyal. (All trees must grow upwards.)
Durme mrecrem bayas. (She had to return home.)
The recent-perfect/simplicative suffix expresses that something recently took
place in the past, or that something merely is in a specific state or simply happens in
the present (and in some cases the past). The prospective suffix expresses anticipation
for a future situation. If the situation is referred to in the past, then the situation did
not come to pass. Both the recent-perfect/simplicative suffix and the prospective
suffix are placed after the tense suffix (but before the speech level suffix).
Durme lecres win dasium. (I have just arrived at home.)
Arzhu peghos win dalium. (I’m just so tired.)
Ba gzan dabhiasnium. (I simply didn’t want to see her.)
Aertha phlon daliuch. (I am about/going to eat dinner.)
Da cru bim basiuch. (She was about to hit me with a stone.)
Classical Dryadic also has several verbal prefixes which can function as both
derivational and inflectional prefixes:
Prefix
Meaning
Example (creñ)
Durative
ze-
lasting for only a certain amount of
time or temporarily
zecreñ
(to go for a
walk/moment)
Quietive
nu-
denoting an action done quietly or
nucreñ
calmly, possibly in secret
(to sneak/tiptoe)
Repetitive
mre-
Terminative/
Perfective
Inceptive/
Inchoative
le-
she-
denoting an action happening once
mrecreñ
again, repeating an action
(to return)
finishing or bringing something to an
lecreñ
end
(to arrive)
starting something or beginning a
shecreñ
new action
(to leave/depart)
Interminative
zle-
something that is ongoing or endless
zlecreñ
(to never return)
The terminative/perfective prefix is often used with the past participle,
especially in passive constructions.
Durme lecres win dal. (I am come home/I have arrived at home.)
Lebzhas win thuñmal. (The work is complete/done.)
Lebzhas ardhen thuñmal. (The work is being done.)
Oftentimes the addition of this prefix is optional and may be left off. The
prefix, in these instances, is thus used for emphasis on the completion of the action or
event.
Du elbhise (le)gzas ithañ csalas. (Mother was seen together with me.)
Csalu de (le)stos ardheñ zedrisas. (I was being spoken to by Mother.)
6.6. Emphatic Suffixes, Imperative Mood, Evidentiality, and Noun Clauses
Classical Dryadic utilizes special emphatic suffixes which are further used in
the construction of the imperative and an evidentiality suffix. These three suffixes and
their formulations are seen below:
Emphatic
Imperative
Indirectivity
Construction N/V + -(a)l/s +…
N/V +…
N/V + -(a)l/s +…
Sacred
Formal
Informal
Subordinate
-ayaroñ
-(a)bhayaroñ
-arayaroñ
-ayoñ
-(a)bhayoñ
-arayoñ
-ae
-ish
-(a)bhae
-(a)bhish
-arae
-arish
Vulgar
-izhem
-(a)bhizhem
-arizhem
The emphatic suffix is used when placing emphasis on the verb or action
being performed and when making an assertion. It can sometimes help to denote a
future activity that the speaker is certain will or will not happen. The suffix can also
be used when answering yes or no to emphasize or assert one’s answer.
Gu elbhise crelnae! “I will NOT go with you.”
Ba gzañ gasno? “Didn’t you see it?” > Dasnae! “No! I did not.”
The imperative is used for expressing commands or requests, including the
giving of permission and prohibition. The imperative mood is always used with the
emphatic suffix; however, the actual imperative mood is expressed through the
affixation of -(a)bh- in its construction.
Dwen ga shecrebhnae! “Don’t leave without me!”
De ñwela zedrisa stoñ gabhnish. “Do not speak to me like that.”
Ers’sen dabhayoñ. “I’m sorry.” (“Please allow me to blossom.”)
The evidentiality or indirectivity suffix, which also uses the emphatic suffix in
its construction, is used to show that evidence exists for a statement. It is usually used
for stating something that is expected to be known or that it is obvious.
Shiera du ghrise ardhelarae! “I hate fire (and you know this)!”
De zedrisa stom babhialnarae! “He doesn’t want to speak to me (and you know this)!”
This suffix may also be used to create an indirect quotational clause or a noun
clause, when pairing it with verbs such as ston (to say/think), ñrun (to know), arzhin
melyñ (to hope), arzha (sieria) ghreñ (to worry), etc. When using speech level
suffixes, they apply only to the final or main verb, not to the verb that is part of the
quotational or noun clause, which takes on the neutral or informal emphatic suffix.
Csale zedrisa stom balarae stom bas. “She said that she will speak to Mother.”
Dusa sphurise ardhelarae arzhin melyn dal. “I hope everything will be fine.”
Ga zlurilarae ghren di arzhal. “I worry that you will be killed.”
The neutral or informal interrogative suffix can also be used to create an
indirect quotational clause or a noun clause, when paired with verbs such as ston (to
ask), ñrun (to know), arzhin ardheñ (to wonder), arzha ghreñ (to worry), etc.
Mile da crebhialo de stom bas. “She asked me if I wanted to go to the sea.”
Zdu elbhise aertha flom balo ñruñ galo? “Do you know if she will eat with us?”
Nezhluñ csala gzañ zdalo arzhin ardhen dal. “I wonder if we will see mother today.”
Emphatic suffixes can also be attached directly to adjectives to form an
interjection, usually to make an exclamation about something observed or to offer a
quick response to something.
Emphatic Suffix Example
Sacred
Formal
Informal
Subordinate
-ayaroñ
sphurayaroñ
-ayoñ
sphurayoñ
-ae
-ish
sphurae
sphurish
Vulgar
-izhem
sphurizhem
The following are some examples of adjectives commonly used with an
emphatic suffix and their approximate English equivalents.
Sphurae. “Nice!” “Well then.” “Okay.”
Ñwelae. “True.” “I agree.” “Yeah!”
Ghrae. “Ew!” “That’s not good.” “Uncool.”
7. Relative Clauses and Complex Sentences
7.1. Relative Clauses
Relative clauses in Classical Dryadic are always placed before the noun they
modify. When the relative clause uses an intransitive verb which is in the final
position, then the verb takes on a tense ending and the phrase is treated as an adjective.
The verb, thus, takes on case-agreement endings to agree with the noun that the clause
modifies.
Drisiada drisoph dwes. > Drisoph dwes drisiat.
“The dryad stood under the tree.” > “The dryad that stood under the tree.”
Drisoph dwesa drisiada pushtaph gzan das.
“I saw a dryad in the forest who was standing under a tree.”
If the verb of the clause is transitive, and the noun being modified would
normally be the direct object of the phrase, then the tense-marked subject of the
phrase comes before the modified noun and takes on the case-agreement ending.
Drisiada pushtaph gzan das. > Pushtaph gzan das drisiat.
“I saw a dryad in the forest.” > “The dryad I saw in the forest.”
Pushtaph gzan dasa drisiada drisoph dwes.
“The dryad I saw in the forest stood under a tree.”
If the verb of the clause is transitive, and the noun being modified would
normally be the subject of the phrase, then the verb takes the tense and case-
agreement endings and comes before the modified noun.
Aertha phlon drisiadal. > Aertha phlol drisiat.
“The dryad eats (food).” > “The dryad who eats/is eating (food).”
Aertha phlole drisiade zedrisa ston dal.
“I speak to the dryad eating her food.”
Modal infixes can be used as well, and are placed on the same word that takes
on the tense ending in the phrase.
Aertha phlon drisiadabhias. > Aertha phlobhias drisiat.
“The dryad wanted to eat.” > “The dryad who wanted to eat.”
Aertha phlobhiase drisiade ba brun das.
“I gave it to the dryad who wanted to eat.”
Aertha phlon drisiadabhias. > Phlon drisiadabhias aeryth.
“The dryad wanted to eat (food).” > “The food that the dryad wanted to eat.”
Rawñu selos wim phlon drisidabhias aerthas.
“The food that the dryad wanted to eat was stolen by a rawyñ.”
Relative clauses in Classical Dryadic, however, may only modify nouns that
would take the place of the subject or direct object of the clause. It is impossible in
Classical Dryadic to relativize indirect objects and other states of nouns. Thus, when
commenting or providing extra information on such a noun, a separate independent
clause or sentence is necessary.
Bhiu drisiadu zedrisa ston das. Du ghrise b’ardhel.
“I spoke with that dryad. I don’t like him.”
(“I do not like the dryad with whom I spoke.”)
Genitives are also not relativized; however, they often do not require a
separate independent clause for providing relative information. Instead, the relativized
or modified noun (which would act as the subject or direct object of the clause)
inflects to the genetive case and acts as the possessor of another noun.
Drisiada, du sphurise ardhelia tharia, gzañ gaso?
“Did you see the dryad of the face I like?”
(“Did you see the dryad whose face I like?”)
Compare the above examples with th example below, in which the possessor
is switched with the possessed.
Thara, du sphurise ardhelia drisiadia, gzañ gaso?
“Did you see the face of the dryad whom I like?”
7.2. Conjunction Words and Constructions
bhil: This conjunction is used to connect grammatically coordinate phrases and word,
similar to the English use of the word ‘and’. In many cases, when connecting two
nouns, the instrumental/commitative suffix is used.
Aertha phlon dal, bhil csale zedrisa ston dal.
“I will eat dinner, and I will speak to Mother.”
Nruth bhil nor wim bal.
“She is young and beautiful.”
Shethmierguñ swadhu artema gzan das.
“Last night I saw the full moon and stars.”
Shethmierguñ swadha bhil artema gzan das.
“Last night I saw the full moon and stars.”
ñier: This conjunction is used to contrast two phrases, taking on the equivalent
meaning of ‘but’ or ‘however’.
Nizh mile da cresen, ñier crebhial.
“I haven’t gone to the sea yet, but I would like to go.”
Ba bhdhen dalen, ñier.
“But I don’t know him.”
zae: This conjunction presents alternatives when connecting words and phrases,
similarly to the word ‘or’ in English.
Ge win du elbhise crel zayal, zae ge win durmaph anul zayal.
“You can either come with me, or you can stay at home.”
Phiule zae mile ga crevialo?
“Do you want to go to the mountain or the sea?”
dho… -a: This construction is used to show a purpose or an intent for doing something,
taking on the meaning of “in order to” or “for”.
Dho aertha flon dala, durme mrecresium.
“I returned home in order (for me) to eat (dinner).”
dho… -y: This construction shows a cause or reason for something, taking on the
meaning of “because” or “since”.
Dho du sphurise g’ardhely, phiadhelon gion d’ardhebhial.
“I would like to be your friend, because we get along well.”
añ (though, although): This conjunction shows contrast and is usually associated with
doubt, similar to the words “though” or “although”.
Añ sphurise ñrun dalen.
“I’m not really sure, though.”
Zuluñ chleph win durmochal, añ sphurise ñrun dalen.
“Although I don’t know for sure, perhaps it is cold outside.”
-is (ghaeris): This is another construction associated with contrast. It literally means
“away from the fact that”; however, it can be translated as “even though” or “even if”.
It is often used alongside the previously mentioned añ conjuction.
Mirs’sen dalis (ghaeris), zaryph win dala irym balnae.
“Even if I smile, it doesn’t mean that I’m happy.”
Añ ga crebhialnaris, crebhialo crebhialno prechyn dalnae, ga creyal.
“Even if you don’t want to, whether or not you want to go is irrelevant; you must go”
Añ da ghusem baethalis, de wim phlol aerthalen.
“Even though I’m hungry, I don’t have anything to eat.”
-uñ (ghaeruñ): This construction is used for assessing or bringing up information and
making a conclusion about it. It literally means “concerning the fact that”, but it may
be translated as “since”, “inasmuch as”, or “seeing as how”.
Gu ghrise d’ardheluñ (ghaeruñ), ge zedrisa gilise ston dalnae.
“Seeing as how you dislike me, I won’t talk to you ever again.”
-in (zaerin): This construction is used to form conditional sentences, taking on the
meaning of “if… then”. It literally means, however, “in the case that”.
Sa chatha daereñ galin (zaerin), nruthise gzas wiñ galarae.
“If you adorn this flower on you, you would look beautiful.”
Durmaph wim basin (zaerin), ba gzan dasarae.
“If he had been home, then I would have seen him.”
a dho ñwel wim baly: This phrase is used to connect a sentence with a previous
statement as a logical conclusion of what was said, taking on the meaning “therefore”
or “subsequently”. It literally means “because that is so”.
A dho ñwel wim baly, pushta cholyñ zdayalarae ston dal.
“And therefore, I think that we should leave the forest.”
dho’si: This conjunction is similar to the previous phrase; however, it can be used to
directly connect two phrases in the same sentence. It literally means “because of this”,
but it may be translated as “thus”, “hence”, or “so”.
Ñul wiñ aeral, a da dho’si chlebhil.
“It is winter; hence I feel cold.”
Da ghusem baethal, bhil dho’si aertha flon dayal.
“I am hungry, and so I must eat something.”
(-aph) chros(aph): This construction is used to connect two actions or events that took
place at the same time. It can be translated as “when” or “while”, but it literally means
“at the time that”.
Ñwel nruthise b’ardhesa gzan dasaph chrosaph, phthelis win das.
“When I saw how beautiful she had become, I was surprised.”
Aertha flon dal chros, zdhara syn dal.
“I chew my food when I eat.”
-e chrose: This construction expresses “until” or literally “until the time that (an even
or action occurs)” and connect it with another phrase.
Da shekrele chrose ga sebhubhae.
“Wait until I leave.”
De wim be zedrisa stol zayale chrose, siaerthe d’anulae.
“I will sit here until I can speak to her.”
-ise chrosise: This construction is used to express “from the time that (something
happens)” or “since” and connect it with another phrase.
Driselon d’ardhelise chrosise, ñwela nrutha chathia ghalvus gzan dasen.
“From the time I was born I have never seen such a beautiful flower (in my life).”
-uñ chrosuñ: This construction means “between/during the time that (something
happens)”, and can be translated as words such as “while”, “during”, or “as”.
Ghela ston dasuñ chrosuñ, arzhin g’ardhen das.
“I dreamt of you while sleeping.”
Mirs’sem baluñ chrosuñ, ba muluz-muluz wuril.
“Tears roll down her cheeks as she smiles.”
-ath (chrosath): This construction means “before” or “before the time that”, and is
used to describe an even that happens before something else.
Da zlurilath (chrosath), chronela dia chiryn dabhial.
“I would like to meet the love of my life before I die.”
-us (chrosus): This construction means “after” or “after the time that”, and is used to
describe an even that happens after something else.
Da ghuruñ mierguñ sebhasus (chrosus), phthilise durmine cres.
“After waiting all night I finally went inside.”
nae… (-en) nae… (-en): “neither… nor…”
Nae mile crebhialen, nae phiule crebhialen.
“I don’t want to go to the sea, nor do I want to go to the mountain.”
Nae conrela, nae cwaera syn dalen.
“I use neither my eyes nor ears. (I am oblivious.) (Leave me out of this.)”
-o… -no…: “whether or not”
Gu elbhise crelo crelno de wiñ legrul ebhalen.
“I can’t decide whether or not to go with you.”
8. Vocabulary and Phrases
8.1. Differences of the Sacred Register
8.1.1. Pronouns, Nouns, and Adjectives
The sacred register contains not only different vocabulary and phrasing, but
also an overall different grammar that retains several archaicisms from the Ancient
Dryadic languages. One of the most significant differences between the sacred
register and the other speech levels is its pronouns.
1st
2nd
3rd Anim.
3rd Sacred 3rd Inanim.
Sing.
s’aryzh
thaelys
bh’aryzh
bhi’thaelys
si’bhda
Dual
Plur.
Exc.
s’coyaryzh
Inc.
thaelsu s’aryzh
Exc.
s’aryzh
In.
thaelsu s’aryzh
cothaelys bhi’coyaryzh bhi’cothaelys
s’cobhda
sthaelys
bh’aryzh
bhi’sthaelys
si’bhda
One of the most striking attributes of the pronouns is the retainment of the
archaic dual form. This is also applied to every other noun in the sacred register
through the prefix co(y)-. Because the sacred register is used exclusively to talk
spiritually to deities or other immaterial entities, the pronouns refer directly to one’s
heart or soul and to a deity or ‘great one’. The first person, s'(coy)aryzh, literally
means “this/these heart(s)”; the third person animate, bh'(coy)aryzh, means “that/those
heart(s)”; and the third person inanimate, si’bhda, means “this/these thing(s)”,
referring to object that lack a heart or soul. The second person is simply (s/co)thaelys
meaning “great one(s)”, and the third person sacred is bhi'(s/co)thaelys meaning
“that/those great one(s)” when referring to another deity or great spirit.
The sacred register also retains a modified form of the archaic animate-
inanimate noun classification system, which distinguishes between spiritual nouns
(dryads, father trees, ‘spirited’ trees, deities, and flowers) and non-spiritual nouns
(everything else). The distinction between these two noun groups, however, is only
seen in the null, absolutive/oblique, and temporal noun cases. The following are the
seven basic, non-temporal noun cases used in the sacred register.
Spiritual Non-Spiritual
Null
Absolutive/Oblique
–
-e
-a, –
-a
Genitive
-y (-i-)
-ae (-ay-)
Instrumental/
Commitative
Carrative
Comparitive
Essive-Modal
-u
-u
-wen
-on
-uñ
-wen
-on
-uñ
Vocative
-ayaroñ
-ayaroñ
There are no locative or lative cases used in the sacred register. Instead they
are replaced with postpositions that are used with the oblique case of the noun and,
just like the locative and lative prefixes in other registers, can be compounded.
Preposition Example
English
aph
durma aph
at the house
is
in
och
ol
oph
ath
us
ech
uñ
e
ise
ith
durma is
away from the house
durma in
in the house
durma och
out of the house
durma ol
ontop/above the house
durma oph
under/below the house
durma ath
in front of the house
durma us
behind the house
durma ech
next to the house
codurma uñ between the (two) houses
durma e
to the house
durma ise
from the house
durma ith
through the house
Adjectives agree with the case and classification of the noun they modify,
taking on the same suffix as the noun. If the adjective modifies a noun followed by a
postposition, the postposition may be duplicated and reiterated between the adjective
and the noun being modified.
sphura durym > sphurae durmae
nruth drisel > nruthy drisely
sphura durym + aph > sphura durma aph, sphura aph durma aph
nruth drisel + e > nruthe drisele e, nruthe e drisele e
Adjectives in the sacred register are made into adverbs exclusively through of
the suffix -eph.
ghyr > ghreph
sphur > sphureph
8.1.2. Verbs and TAM
Verbs also conjugate differently in the sacred register, retaining slightly
archaic attributes. The infinitive form of verbs end with -m; however, unlike the other
registers, it is not dropped when the tense endings are attached. Instead, the tense
endings, -el and -es, are suffixed to the end. This applies to both intransitive verbs,
which act as the sole carrier of tense in a clause, and transitive verbs, which, unlike in
other registers, accompany the subject noun in expressing tense in a clause. When
another suffix is overlaid on the tense suffix, the -m nasalizes to -ñ- and the -e- is
dropped; this includes adjectival agreement suffixes for the present and past
participles when modifying a noun. The subject of an intransitive takes on the suffix –
e/a in its absolutive form, while the subject of a transitive verb takes on the suffix –
e/a-, a tense ending -l/s-, and, of course, the speech register ending -aroñ.
The imperative construction acts in a similar way. The imperative suffix -eph
is attached to the end of the verb. In the case of an intransitive verb, once the
emphatic and register suffixes are attached, the -e- is dropped, -ph- vocalizes to -bh-,
and the -m- nasalizes to -m-. With transitive verbs, the nominal form of the imperative
suffix, -e/aph, is also placed on the subject noun, and when the emphatic and register
suffixes are added, -ph- vocalizes to -bh-.
Intransitive
Infinitive
crem
Transitive
bzham
Non-Past Finite
S-e/a creñlaroñ
O-e/a bzhamel S-(e/a)laroñ
Past Finite
S-e/a creñsaroñ
O-e/a bzhames S-(e/a)saroñ
Present Participle
cremel (creñl-)
bzhamel (bzhañl-)
Past Participle
cremes (creñs-)
bzhames (bzhañs-)
Imperative
S-e/a crembhayaroñ O-e/a bzhameph S-(e/a)bhayaroñ
Other aspectual, modal, and evidentiality affixes are used as they are in other
registers. In the case of transitive verbs, however; with the exception of verbal
prefixes, these affixes are only affixed to the subject noun and not the verb.
8.1.3. Lexical Differences
Aside from the basic grammatical differences mentioned above, the sacred
register also has striking lexical differences from the other registers. In general, the
sacred register is spoken through the excessive use of metaphors, and many of the
lexical differences reflect this. Most of the lexical differences, however, only pertain
to certain types or classifications of words and phrases; two of such classifications
include family and hierarchy and abiotic natural entities and phenomena. *The abiotic
natural entities and phenomena class words may be used in other registers, but it is
not reciprocal; the sacred register may not use the words of other registers. This class
also ties in with the ancient Dryadic numerals, which will be discussed in the
subsequent section. The following is a list of such words with their English translation
and non-sacred counterpart:
Family and Hierarchy
cTaelyS thaelys – diety, great one (laer), father tree (arzhydris)
thael (great, important, divine) + -ys (intangible entity)
csaL sal – clan member, family member (ghubhel)
s(yñ) (use, employ) + a(r) (soul, life-essence) + -(e)l (together, shared)
carsaL arsal – father tree (arzhydris)
ar(y)- (first rank, white) + sal (family/clan member)
ckosaL cosal – mother (csal)
co(y)- (second rank, yellow) + sal (family/clan member)
csfisaL sphisal – princess, first born sister, mother-to-be (sworel)
sphi- (third rank, green) + sal (family/clan member)
chlisaL chlisal – sister, non-first born sister (drisel)
chli- (fourth rank, cyan) + sal (family/clan member)
csalyf salyph – youngling, young autonomous dryad (ñiuryph)
sal (family/clan member) + -yph (diminutive)
cwaDyk wadhyc – sprout, young unatonomous dryad (chwyn)
wath (seed, star) + -yc (object pertaining to)
csalot salot – clan, family (ghubhyc)
sal (family/clan member) + -ot (collective, group)
csaleDuNlat saledhuñlath – warrior, knight, protector (dhulath, dhumel)
sal (family/clan member) + -e- (ABS, connector) + dhuñl- (to protect, present
participle) + -ath (flower, something displayed)
csohaL sochal – stranger, member of another clan (ghubhochel)
s(yñ) (use, employ) + -och- (outside, foreign) + a(r) (soul, life-essence) + -(e)l
(together, shared)
carsohaL arsochal – father tree of another clan (arzhydris ghubhochy)
ar(y)- (first rank, white) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
ckosohaL cosochal – mother from another clan (csal ghubhochy)
co(y)- (second rank, yellow) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
csfisohaL sphisochal – princess from another clan (sworel ghubhochy)
sphi- (third rank, green) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
chlisohaL chlisochal – sister from another clan (drisel ghubhochy)
chli- (fourth rank, cyan) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
cpCoL csohaL pshol sochal – servant, prisoner (pthormel)
pshol (black, gray) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
cpTisohaL pthisochal – servant, prisoner (pthormel)
pthi- (seventh/lowest rank, black) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
cJeL csohaL zhel sochal – rogue sister, clanless sister (ghubhwenel, gruzhyph)
zhel (red) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
cgrusohaL grusochal – rogue sister, clanless sister (ghubhwenel, gruzhyph)
gru(zhy)- (rankless, evil, red) + sochal (stranger, foreigner)
chlisalot chlisalot – sister family unit within a clan (chronyc)
chli- (fourth rank, cyan) + sal (family/clan member) + -ot (collective, group)
cersalot ersalot – (one’s own) sister family unit (chronyc siery)
er(ys)- (blossom, love) + sal (family/clan member) + -ot (collective, group)
cersaL ersal – spouse, lover (chronel)
er(ys)- (blossom, love) + sal (family/clan member)
cersalyf ersalyph – adopted child, youngling (stomyph, chwyn, chronyph)
er(ys)- (blossom, love) + sal (family/clan member) + -yph (diminutive)
Abiotic Natural Entities and Phenomena*
cartyM artym – moon, full moon (lun, thael lun)
ar (first, soul, life-essence) + tim (ascent, dominion) > tym (non-stressed)
ckojar coyar – sun (sor)
coy- (second, yellow, day) + ar (soul, life-essence)
csfuraT sphurath – earth, life (aeryth, sphurem)
sphur (third, green, life) + -ath (flower, something displayed)
chelvar chelbhar – sky (chelys)
chel- (fourth, cyan, sky) + bhar (field of thin, permeable stuff; sea, sky)
csalyf chelvaryx salyph chelbhary – cloud (curyn)
salyph (youngling) + chelbhar (sky) + -y (genitive suffix)
cGoryS chelvaryx nushom chelbhary – wind (nweth)
nushom (whisper) + chelbhar (sky) + -y (genitive suffix)
cJer chelvaryx zher chelbhary – air, gas (aer)
zher (blood, sap) + chelbhar (sky) + -y (genitive suffix)
cwuryM chelvaryx wurym chelbhary – rain (chaem)
wurym (crying, tears) + chelbhar (sky) + -y (genitive suffix)
cGoryS chelvaryx ghorys chelbhary – thunder (chlisnwor)
ghorys (voice) + chelbhar (sky) + -y (genitive suffix)
cCjer chelvaryx shier chelbhary – lightning (chlishier)
shier (flame, fire) + chelbhar (sky) + -y (genitive suffix)
cmilvar milbhar – sea, ocean (mil)
mil- (fifth, blue, sea) + bhar (field of thin, permeable stuff; sea, sky)
cmilvaryf milbharyph – river, lake (milbhish)
milbhar (sea, ocean) + -yph (diminutive)
cJer cmilvaryx zher milbhary – water (milaer)
zher (blood, sap) + milbhar (sea, ocean) + -y (genitive suffix)
cpyTmer pythmer – darkness, nothingness, absence, shadow (pyth, thamys)
pyth (nothing, darkness) + m(i)er (night, nightsky, space)
cgruJeL gruzhel – fire, chaos (shier, gruzhot)
gruzh (chaos) + zhel (red)
car’gruJeL ar-gruzhel – lunar eclipse (ghelun, gruzlun)
ar(tym) (moon, fullmoon) + gruzhel (fire, chaos)
ckoja’gruJeL coya-gruzhel – solar eclipse (ghelsor, gruzilsor)
coya(r) (sun) + gruzhel (fire, chaos)
csef’gruJeL seph-gruzhel – earthquake, eruption (ghors’aeryth)
s(e)ph(urath) (earth, life) + gruzhel (fire, chaos)
chel’gruJeL chel-gruzhel – storm, tornado (siur)
chel(bhar) (sky) + gruzhel (fire, chaos)
chel’gruJelux ckojar chel-gruzhelu coyar – drought (ghirys)
chel(bhar) (sky) + gruzhel (fire, chaos) + -u (commitative) + coyar (sun)
cmil’gruJeL mil-gruzhel – flood, tsunami
mil(bhar) (sea, ocean) + gruzhel (fire, chaos)
8.2 Numbers and Religion
The Classical Dryadic numbering systems are in base-7, meaning there are 7
distinct digits, 0 to 6, and 10 has the value of seven with a 1 in the seventh’s place
(100 would then be forty-nine and so on). This way of counting goes hand in hand
with Dryadic religion and their belief in the concept of Narot. The word Narot can be
translated many different ways ranging from “Life”, “the love and appreciation of the
universe”, or even “negentropy”. It is the inclination for living things to survive, adapt,
and maintain themselves and their environment. The opposite of this is Gruzhot, or
the inclination of nature to harm life, to prevent it from succeeding, and to struggle to
maintain order. For a dryad, especially in the Classical Period, life is a constant battle
between Narot and Gruzhot, and this is reflected in their seven deities, which in turn
affect their number system. Dryadic deities, however, are not personified as most
deities are in human religions; they are seen as faceless personalities or forces in place
on the universe that affect one’s life.
The zeroth deity, referred to as Sphedaris, encompasses everything; she is the
deity of light and infinity, the Great Mother or Thael Csal of the universe, and is
considered the White Mother or Chwar Csal. She is neither of Narot nor of Gruzhot.
Deities one through six, however, are all of Narot, and their power over the universe
dwindles the larger the number they are assigned. Artymis is the first deity, the deity
of the moon, and is known as the White Sister or Chwar Chwyn, the most powerful
deity of Narot. Coyaris is the second deity, the deity of the sun, and is commonly
called the Yellow Sister or Cor Chwyn. The third deity is Sphurathis, or the deity of
earth, and is known as the Green Sister, or Sphur Chwyn. Chelbharis is the fourth
diety, the diety of the sky, and the Cyan Sister or Phabharyn Chwyn. The fifth diety is
Milbharis, the diety of the sea, and is known as the Blue Sister or Zabharyn Chwyn.
The sixth and final diety of Narot is Pythmeris, the diety of nothingness and darkness,
and is also called the Black Sister or Pshol Chwyn.
The seventh deity is Gruzchelis, the deity of fire, death, and chaos. She is
often referred to as the Red Sister or Zhel Chwyn and is the only deity of Gruzhot. She
is more powerful than the other deities of Narot and is constantly trying to manipulate
them, as well as other living things. In Classical Dryadic, Gruzhelis and the other
dieties are commonly referred to when talking about destructive forces of nature. In
the case of a heavy thunderstorm, for example, in Classical Dryadic one might say the
following:
Snwora chelsia gruzil wiñ Gruzhelisal.
“Gruzcelis is disrupting/burning the song of the sky (of Chelbharis).”
Chelbharisu zedrisa stol wiñ Zhel Chwynal.
“The Red Sister is speaking with Chelbharis.”
There are two primary numbering systems in Classical Dryadic, both of which
reflect the dieties and the numbers associated with them. The most basic and oldest
numbering system is the Ancient Dryadic numbering system, as seen below:
Numeral Long Name Short Name Ordinal Form Number
0 csfedar
Sphedar
csfet
csfedyx
Sphet
Sphedy
1
carteM
car
caryx
Artem
Ar
Ary
2 ckojar
Coyar
ckojax
ckojix
Coya
Coyi
3 csfuraT
Sphurath
csef
csfix
Seph
Sphi
4 chelvar
Chelbhar
cheL
chlix
Chel
Chli
0
1
2
3
4
5 cmilvar
Milbhar
cmiL
cmilyx
Mil
Mily
6 cpyTmer
Pythmer
cpyT
cpTix
Pyth
Pthi
7 cgruJeL
Gruzhel
cgruV
cgruJyx
Gruzh
Gruzhy
5
6
7
The seventh number, gruzh or gruzhel, can never be used on its own. Since
seven is treated as the number of Gruzhelis, the number of Gruzhot, it is necessary to
place a number of Narot alongside it to ‘balance the forces’. Hence, the number seven
would be ar-gruzhel. Thus, for numbers seven and above, a number of Narot is placed
below (in front of) Gruzhel for the sevens’ place, and to add the ones’ place another
number of Narot may be placed above (after) the pair. For pronouncing such a
number, the sevens’ place number of Narot takes on its short name and combines with
Gruzhel. For the ones’ place, the commitative suffix -u is placed on Gruzhel and the
long name of the ones’ place number of Narot is used. Here are some examples:
Numerals
Pronunciation
Number7 Number10
17
car’gruJeL
Ar-Gruzhel
10
7
571 cmil’gruJelux carteM
Mil-Gruzhelu Artem
51
36
473 chel’gruJelux csfuraT
Chel-Gruzhelu Sphurath
43
31
676 cpyT’gruJelux cpyTmer
Pyth-Gruzhelu Pythmer
66
48
To go to higher place values than the sevens’ place, Sphedar is used to
represent forty-nine (or 100 in base-7). Sphedar, as mentioned above, represents zero;
however, in another sense, it also represents infinity and encompasses all of the other
numbers or elements of the deities. Thus, once all of the elements have surpassed
their numerical ‘power’ (having reached 667 or 4810), Sphedar may be used to restore
that power to a higher place value. Sphedar, similarly to Gruzhel, cannot be used on
its own as it requires a number of Narot to give it value. Therefore, the number 1007
or forty-nine, for example, would be ar-sphedar. The following chart displays more
examples of numbers using Sphedar as a higher place value holder:
Numerals
Pronunciation
Number7 Number10
10
car’sfedar
Ar-Sphedar
100
49
30274
170
2750
4760173
csef’sfedarux
ckoja’gruJelux
chelvar
324
165
Seph-Sphedaru Coya-
Gruzhelu Chelbhar
car’gruJelux
csfedar
1,000
343
Ar-Gruzhelu Sphedar
ckoya’gruJelux
cmil’sfedar
Coya-Gruzhelu Mil-
Sphedar
chel’gruJelux
cpyT’sfedarux
car’gruJelux
csfuraT
Chel-Gruzhelu Pyth-
Sphedaru Ar-Gruzhelu
Sphurath
2,500
931
4,613
1,676
The Ancient Dryadic numerals are only known to go up to 9,9997 (240010). It
is thought, however, that they could go higher through the use of Sphedar, although it
would be very inconvenient and lengthy. The Ancient Dryadic numbering system is
primarily used as morphological roots in many (compound) words, as metaphorical
references to the Dryadic deities and their elements, and in their ordinal forms as
ordinal numbers. The number, Chel-Gruzhelu Sphurath, for example, could
alternatively be interpreted as “in the wake of a tempest comes new life” or even
“after hardship will come ease”.
As discussed previously with the deities of Narot, Dryads think of the numbers
(as associated with their respective deity) as taking away from a greater value the
larger the number. Therefore, even though the number 6 or Pythmer describes a larger
quantity than 1 or Artem, from a Dryadic point of view it is the opposite. Zero is the
equivalent of infinity, or the largest number of value that contains all the other
numbers, while one is the equivalent of one taken away from that infinity, or one
away from the zero. Six is the weakest number, or rather, the number of Narot farthest
away from zero. From there, the seventh number of Gruzhot is used to move further
away from zero or Sphedar, and once the Sphedar has been fully depleted of
numerical value, a new Sphedar or infinity is introduced to replenish or go to a higher
place value. This is the logic that Dryadic numerals follow.
When, for example, there are two objects, from a Dryadic perspective there
are not ‘two objects filling a space’, but rather ‘four objects missing from a greater
quantity of Narot (six)’. When Gruzhel is added, it represents a complete set of the six
numbers of Narot combined with the number of Gruzhot (which is equivalent in
power to the combined six numbers of Narot). The number in front of Gruzhel
indicates how many of these sets away from a complete set of these sets the overall
number is. The number, Chel-Gruzhelu Sphurath, for example, which is the
equivalent of 437 (3110), would be thought of as ‘two sets missing from a full set of six
sets plus three missing from a full set of six’. This logic then continues through with
each place value.
Another Dryadic Numeral system, called the “Chaembhalic number system”
(Chaembhaluñ Wilyc zLae’bhermy) or sometimes the “Neo-Dryadic number system”
(Noph Wilyc zLae’bhermy), was created in the Classical Period by Meliad scholar,
Zhelaer Chaembhal. This system followed similar logic to the original, Ancient
Dryadic system, but proved much more efficient for everyday use and quickly became
widespread among dryads. It also helped with the advent of algebra and the
development of more complex mathematics in the Classical period.
The Chaembhalic system is based off of the plucking of petals from a flower.
A full, six-petaled flower is zero or a complete set, a flower of Sphedar, and a bare,
petalless flower is six, a flower of Pythmer. There are two types of numerals; low
order numerals, or flowers, which are used to represent the lower place values, and
high order numerals, or stems, which are used for the highest place value in a numeral
containing more than one place value. The following chart shows the low and high
order numerals and their basic names:
Low Order High Order
Name
Number
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
zhaet
cJaet
bza
cbsax
dhel
cDeL
chrowa
chrowax
siuñ
csjuN
dhañ
cDaN
rawa
crawax
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
!
@
#
$ % ^ The number seven is pronounced as bhaer, and, just like Gruzhel in the Ancient system, it cannot stand on its own. Since bhaer is treated as the number of Gruzhot, a number of Narot must be planced in front of it to balance it and to represent a complete set. Hence, the number seven would actually be said as bza’bhaer or literally “one-seven”. The -r in bhaer is dropped when followed by a number in the ones’ place, making numbers 117 (810) through 167 (1310), for example, be pronounced as bza’bhae bza, bza’bhae dcel, bza’bhae chrowa, and so on. Numbers siuñ and dhañ are also nazalized to sium and dham when combined with bhaer. The following table displays some examples of numbers higher than 10 (7) using Chaembhalic numerals: Numerals Pronunciation Number7 Number10 0 ! 1 % 3 $
6
^
cbsa’vaer
bza’bhaer
10
7
cDam’vaex cbsax
dham’bhae bza
51
36
csjum’vaex chrowax
sium’bhae chrowa
43
31
craw’vaex crawax
raw’bhae rawa
66
38
In the place of Sphedar, special words are used to attain higher place values
that have specific values assigned to them. These words up the place value by
magnitudes of 7 starting with bhel (102
or 74
(1012
10), from whence it goes up in magintudes of 74 with con (108
7 or 712
10). These words are treated in the same manor as bhaer and require a
10), bhir (103
10), and then on (104
10) and zon
7 or 78
7 or 73
7 or 72
7
number of Narot to preced them. Other place values between on, con, and zon and
beyond can be expressed through compounding the words to create bhaeron (105
7 or 77
75
or 710
bhizon (1015
7 or 76
10), bhicon (1011
10), bhiron (107
7 or 711
10). These compounds, however, are broken up when an individual
7 or
10), bhelcon (1010
10), bhaezon (1013
10), bhelzon (1014
10), bhaecon (109
10), bhelon(106
7 or 715
7 or 713
7 or 714
10), and
7 or 79
7
number other than 0 fills the individual place values. For example, the number
100,0007 would be pronounced as bza’bhaeron, while the number 110,0007 would be
pronounced bza’bhae bza’on, splitting the bhaeron into bhae(r) and on. The following
table gives more examples of large numbers written with Chaembhalic numerals and
their respective pronunciations:
Numerals
Pronunciation
Number7
Number10
%611
cDam’vix craw’veL
cbsa’vaex cbsax
dham’bhi raw’bhel bza’bhae bza
5611
2,017
!00-0000
cbsa’velon
bza’bhelon
100,0000
117,649
^005-
3020
craw’vix cDaN’on
chrow’vix cDel’vaer
raw’bhi dhañ’on chrow’bhi
dhel’bhaer
csjum’vaex cDel’kon
cDam’viron csjum’vix
$2-5000-
chrow’veL cDam’vaex
4351
cbsax
sium’bhae dhel’con dham’bhiron
sium’bhi chrow’bhel dham’bhae bza
6005,3020
4,954,306
42,5000,4351 177,063,300
When finger-counting, dryads use their right thumb to count each finger on
their right hand and the spaces in between starting with their left most finger. Once
seven or the pointer-finger is reached, they immediately cancel it out by raising their
left thumb to their right most finger on their left hand. The left hand is then used to
keep track of the sevens’ place, as the right hand continues with the ones’ place. The
number zero is expressed by extending all four fingers and the thumb outwards away
from the palm.
Similar to the popular human use of holding up one’s middle finger as an
insult, a dryad might place their thumb against their pointer finger on their right hand
and point to someone to express extreme disgust towards them. This is virtually the
same as telling them “you should burn” or “you deserve to die a painful death”.
8.3 Mimetic Words
cTela’Telax thela-thela – softly blowing; soft breeze; whispering
cmuluz’muluZ muluz-muluz – falling water; plopping rain drops
ckaraes’karaeS caraes-caraes – twinkling; sparkling
cTelyk’Telyk thelyc-thelyc – floating down; falling of leaves; one by one
cvaela’vaelax bhaela-bhaela – flowing; flowing river; fluid
cvjule’vjulex bhiule-bhiule – fill with water; teary eyes
cbelym’belyM belym-belym – stem rising; growing fast/strong
cDonda’Dondax dhonda-dhonda – rumbling; thunder; earthquake
cgalyk’galyk galyc-galyc – laughing loudly; sound of laughing happily
cseguN’seguN seguñ-seguñ – step-by-step, methodically
cThoha’Thohax thchocha-thchocha – coughing; hacking
cGuluN’GuluN ghuluñ-ghuluñ – gulping; chugging
cpalyk’palyk palyc-palyc – franticly; in a hurry
chilys’hilyS chilys-chilys – tossing and turning; unable to sit still
cnoNgo’noNgox noñgho-noñgho – snoring; snort
chowluN’howluN chowluñ-chowluñ – moaning; yawn
8.4 Flowers, Plants, and Fungi
caeDeL aedhel – angiosperm, fruit-producing or flowering plant or animaplant
cGymneL ghymnel – gymnosperm, plant or animaplant that reproduce with
exposed seeds
chaT chath – flower, bloom (of a plant or adult animaplant)
:-aT -ath – suffix for indicating the flower of a plant or adult animaplant (the
dryads’ classification of flowers, fruits, and other structures is based on
appearance and is independant of the organisms actual taxonomy8)
crawaT rawath – Eunomic lily, flower of plants in the Rawiceae family, flower
of an adult animplant in the rawidae family
cdrisaT drisath – hamadryadic flower, general term for flowers found on trees,
especially trees that share similar evolutionary ancestery with dryads (they
release pheromones that in some species would have acted as a form of
8 The taxonomy was first developed by human xenobiologists with the first wave of human explorers
during first contact. First attempts took known taxa from Earth and applied it to Eunomic organisms,
placing an (E) after the nomenclature for ‘Eunomic’. This, however, proved inefficient and confusing.
Biologists, thus, began taking roots from the Dryadic language(s) and suffixes from traditional Terran
taxonomy to create the Eunomic taxonomy in current use.
communication between other individuals of its species; dryads can still
sense this very weakly, and often interpret it as spirits in the trees)
cstelaT stelath – Eunomic chickweed, flower of an adult animaplant in the
family Stelidae
candaT andath – Eunomic peach blossom, flower of certain trees in the
Handaceae family
ckeraT cerath – Eunomic cherry blossom, flower of certain trees in the
Handaceae family
cmaelaT maelath – Eunomic pear blossom, flower of certain trees in the
Handaceae family and tetraclades of the Maelidae family
cNulaT ñulath – Eunomic camellia, flower of plants in the Nhulaceae family
cpewaT pewath – Eunomic peony, large flower of plants in the Pewaceae family
chworaT chworath – Eunomic orchid, flower of plants in the Churaceae family
cvozaT bhozath – Eunomic rose, flower of plants in the Vozaceae family
clunaT lunath – Eunomic moon flower, flower of plants in the Lunaceae family
csworaT sworath – Eunomic bellflower, flower of plants in the Suraceae family
cDulaT dhulath – flower of certain plants in the Handaceae family
cramaT ramath – flower of certain plants in the Vaeseceae family
cfolaT pholath – flower of plants in the Pholeceae family
clawraT lawrath – flower of certain plants in the Vanaceae family
cvanaT bhanath – flower of certain plants in the Vanaceae family
carmaT armath – flower of certain plants in the Harmaceae family
cvalaT bhalath – flower of certain plants in the Valaceae family
cDesaT dhesath – flower of certain plants in the Vaesaceae family
cvaesaT bhaesath – flower of certain plants in the Vaesaceae family
cribaT ribath – flower of certain plants in the Vaesaceae family
cDeksaT dhecsath – flower of certain plants in the Vaesaceae family
canaT anath – flower of certain plants in the Harmaceae family
cJoraT zhorath – flower of plants in the Zhoraceae family
cruTaT ruthath – flower of certain plants in the Thelaceae family
cnakaT nacath – flower of plants in the Nacaceae family
csapaT sapath – flower of certain plants in the Valaceae family
csolaT solath – flower of plants in the Solaceae family
czelaT zelath – flower of certain plants in the Havaceae family
ctrelaT trelath – flowers of plants in the Trelaceae family
cavaT abhath – flower of certain plants in the Havaceae family
cTelaT thelath – flower of certain plants in the Thelaceae family
cDakaT dhacath – flower of certain plants in the Havaceae family
cwaT wath (dh) – seed, star, goal, dream
cwaDmeL wadhmel – seed carrier; fruit, been pod, graid
:-in -in – suffix for indicating the wadhmel of a plant or animaplant
cmaelin maelin – Eunomic apple/pear, fruit of certain trees in the Handaceae
family and adult tetraclades of the Maelidae family
candin andin – Eunomic peach, fruit of certain trees in the Handaceae family
cDulin dhulin – Eunomic plum, fruit of certain trees in the Handaceae family
ckerin cerin – Eunomic cherry, fruit of certain plants in the Handaceae family
cramin ramin – Eunomic jujube, fruit of certain plants in the Vaesaceae family
cfolin pholin – Eunomic olive, fruit of plants in the Pholaceae family
clawrin lawrin – Eunomic guava, fruit of some plants in the Vanaceae family
cvanin bhanin – Eunomic banana, fruit of some plants in the Vanaceae family
carmin armin – Eunomic citrus fruit, Eunomic lemon, fruit of some plants in the
Harmaceae family
cvalin bhalin – Eunomic grape, fruit of some plants in the Valaceae family
cDesin dhesin – Eunomic date, fruit of some plants in the Vaesaceae family
cvaesin bhaesin – Eunomic cranberry, fruit of some plants in the Vaesaceae
family
cribin ribin – Eunomic currant, fruit of some plants in the Vaesaceae family
cDeksin dhecsin – Eunomic coconut, fruit of some plants in the Vaesaceae
family
canin anin – Eunomic pineapple, fruit of some plants in the Harmaceae family
cJorin zhorin – Eunomic pomegranate, fruit of plants in the Zhoraceae family
cruTin ruthin – Eunomic kiwi, fruit of some plants in the Thelaceae family
cnakin nacin – Eunomic mango, fruit of plants in the Nacaceae family
csapin sapin – Eunomic lychee or nut, fruit of some plants in the Valaceae
family
csolin solin – Eunomic tomato, fruit of plants in the Volaceae family
czelin zelin – Eunomic corn, fruit of some plants in the Havaceae family
ctrelin trelin – Eunomic wheat or rice, fruit of plants in the Trelaceae family
cavin abhin – Eunomic sunflower seeds, fruit of some plants in the Havaceae
family
cTelin thelin – Eunomic melon, fruit of some plants in the Thelaceae family
cDakin dhacin – Eunomic cumin, fruit of some plants in the Havaceae family
ckapsin capsin – Eunomic pepper, fruit of plants in the Capsaceae family
cgryvin grybhin – Eunomic pepper, fruit of plants in the Gryvaceae family
cwylmeL wylmel – stem and leaves of a plant, body, vegetable
:-aen -aen – suffix indicating the wylmel of a plant or animaplant
cbrakaen bracaen – Eunomic cabage, wylmel of plants in the Bracaceae family
cavaen abhaen – Eunomic lettuce, wylmel of some plants in the Havaceae family
cGolaen gholaen – Eunomic onion, wylmel of plants in the Gholaceae family
cDakaen dhacaen – Eunomic parsely, wylmel of some plants in the Havaceae
family
cmuskaen muscaen – wylmel of plants in the Musciceae family
cfjetmeL phietmel – tuber or root of a plant
:-eS -es – suffix indicating the phietmel of a plant
csoleS soles – Eunomic potato, root of plants in the Solaceae family
cDakeS dhaces – Eunomic carrot, root of some plants in the Havaceae family
cziNeS ziñes – Eunomic ginger, root of plants in the Zinhaceae family
ckoveS cobhes – root of plants in the Covaceae family
cbaTeS bathes – Eunomic beet, root of plants in the Bathaceae family
cpaneS panes – root of plants in the Panaceae family
cbrakeS braces – Eunomic raddish, root of plants in the Bracaceae family
cGoleS gholes – Eunomic garlic, root of plants in the Gholaceae family
cnalmeL nalmel – polinator, flyer
cfjot phiot – fungus, fungi
:-ot -ot – suffix indicating fungi (usually based on their symbiotic plant partner)
cpuCot pushot – mushroom (general)
cbrakot bracot – species of gilled mushroom commonly found on plants in the
Bracaceae family; a delicacy among dryads yet highly toxic to humans
cavot abhot – a type of fungal mycelia that is found on the leaves of some plants
in the Havaceae family
cGolot gholot – Eunomic puffball; a group of white, stockless mushroom with a
closed cap that usually are found near or on the roots of plants in the
Gholaceae family; some are edible for both dryads and humans, others are not
cpanot panot – species of capless mushroom with a large, encompassing volva
found on roots of plants in the Panaceae family; highly toxic to dryads yet
harmless to humans
cdriS dris – tree
cpuCtax pushta – forest, collection of trees and other plants
croJiskax rozhisca – garden, collection of plants used for food or decoration
cnyp nyp – general word for moss
ckat cat – general word for bush
cveryM bherym – collection of leaves, hair, feathers
cveryN bheryñ – (intrans.) to leaf out, to produce new leaves, to prosper
cveL bhel – leaf
cniN nyñ – (intrans.) to unfurl, to unroll
cnilveL nilbhel – unfurling leaf
cnizfeL nizbhel – unfurled leaf
cpweN pweñ – (intrans.) to fall, to fall off, to seperate from
cpweN pweñ – (trans.) to cut off, to absciss
cpwezfeL pwezbhel – deciduous leaf, fallen leaf
crweM rwem – dew drops, morning dew
crweN rweñ – (intrans.) to get covered in (morning) dew drops
crwezfeL rwezbhel – dew-covered leaf
cpeF pesh – pollen
ctoS tos – spore
ctosyk tosyc – sporangium
ckestax cesta – pod
csun sun – (leaf) bud
clot lot – (flower) bud
cvaL bhal – flower petal
cpwezfaL pwezbhal – fallen flower petal
crwezfaL rwezbhal – dew-covered petal
cweTyh wethych – sepal
cdweF dwesh (zh) – tendril
carDeN ardheñ – (intrans.)
ceryS erys – flower, blossom (of an atonomous dryad or non-adult animaplant)
cers’seN ers’señ – (trans.) to blossom, to produce a blossom
8.5 Animaplants
csjuN’Gasyk siuñ’ghasyc – fruit-bearing animaplants that generally live on
land and have four limbs; Tetraclada, tetraclade
:-yk -yc – suffix generally denoting tetraclades that live above the ground
:-yN -yñ – suffix generally denoting tetraclades that live in burrows underground
:-yn -yn – suffix generally denoting horse-like tetraclades of a tall stature, with long
legs and necks
:-yf -yph – the diminutive suffix denoting a juvenile form of a tetraclade
cveryk bheryc – Eunomic wolf/dog, word usually associated with animaplants of
the family Veridae
cveryf bheryph – Eunomic pup, the juvenile autonomous forms of a bheryc
crawyN rawyñ – Eunomic cat, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Rawidae
crawyf rawyph – Eunomic kitten, the juvenile autonomous forms of a rawyñ
cvjoryn bhioryn – Eunomic horse, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vioridae
cvjoryf bhioryph – Eunomic pony/mare, the juvenile autonomous forms of a
bhioryn
cTlozyn thlozyn – Eunomic cow, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vioridae
cTlozyf thlozyph – Eunomic calf, the juvenile autonomous forms of a thlozyn
cmaelyk maelyc – Eunomic sheep, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Maelidae
cmaelyf maelyph – Eunomic lamb, the juvenile autonomous forms of a maelyc
caDmyk adhmyc – Eunomic pig, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Gholidae
cGolyk gholyc – Eunomyc goat, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Gholidae
cvaesyn bhaesyn – Eunomic deer, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vioridae
cDevyn dhebhyn – Eunomic moose, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vioridae
cruTyk ruthyc – Eunomic rat/mouse, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ruthidae
cDakyn dhacyn – Eunomic rabbit, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ruthidae
caerTyN aerthyñ – Eunomic mole, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ruthidae
csapyk sapyc – Eunomic porcupine, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Sapidae
cvuryn bhuryn – Eunomic beaver, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Rawidae
ckrisyk crisyc – word usually associated with certain animaplants of the family
Sapidae
cgryveL grybhel – word usually associated with certain animaplants of the
family Rawidae
celosyk elosyc – Eunomic elephant, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Helosidae
cbziryk bziryc – word usually associated with certain animaplants of the family
Sapidae
cveryN’gran bheryñ’gran – fruit-bearing animaplants that inhabit both land
and water and are characterized by their smooth, scaley, and lignous bark-like
exterior; Phyllodermata, phylloderms
:-an -an – suffix that generally denotes phylloderms that live in water
:-uN -(c)uñ – suffix that generally denotes phylloderms of large nature, living on
land or water
cmilan milan – Eunomic fish, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Milidae
cpuCan pushan – Eunomic medusa, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Milidae
cdrisan drisan – Eunomic octopus, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Milidae
cstelan stelan – Eunomic squid, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Milidae
cTelan thelan – Eunomic slug, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Thelidae
cviCan bhishan – Eunomic eel, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Milidae
cmuCan mushan – Eunomic clam, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Thelidae
csapan sapan – Eunomic blowfish, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Milidae
cmilkuN milcuñ – Eunomic shark, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Milidae
caerTan aerthan – Eunomic frog, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Wadhidae
cwaDan wadhan – Eunomic minnow, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Wadhidae
cCuN shuñ – Eunomic dragon, word usually associated with certain animaplants of
the family Shunhidae
cstaCuN stashuñ – Eunomic lizard, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Shunhidae
cvzuCuN vzushuñ – Eunomic snake, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Shunhidae
ckyr’geljuZ cyr’geliuz – animaplants that inhabit land and water, often
having the ability to fly and acting as pollinators to flowering plants and
animaplants, and characterized by a smooth, lignous exoskeleton;
Phloeocelypha, phloeocelyphs
:-uZ -uz – suffix generally denoting phloeocelyphs that cannot fly
:-yM -ym – suffix generally denoting phloeocelyphs that fly (and commonly act as
pollinators for other species of plants and animaplants)
cdrisuZ drisuz – Eunomic spider, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ceridae
chasyM chasym – Eunomic bee, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Chasidae
caerTyM aerthym – Eunomic wasp, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Haeridae
cersyM ersym – Eunomyc butterfly, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Chasidae
ckeruZ ceruz – Enomic ladybug, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ceridae
cJeryM zherym – Eunomic mosquito, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Haeridae
cdraemuZ draemuz – Eunomic beetle, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Draemidae
cgryvuZ grybhuz – Eunomic beetle, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Draemidae
cwaDyM wadhym – Eunomic fly, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Haeridae
cnrazuZ nrazuz – Eunomic scorpion, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ceridae
ctyNuZ tyñuz – Eunomic stick insect, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Draemidae
csnworuZ snworuz – Eunomic cricket, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Snuridae
csfuruZ sphuruz – Eunomic grasshopper, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Snuridae
cJeruZ zheruz – Eunomic mite, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Zheridae
cpeCyM peshym – Eunomic moth, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Chasidae
csfeduZ spheduz – Eunomic centipede, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Zheridae
cmjerguZ mierguz – Eunomic roach, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Ceridae
cCjeryM shierym – Eunomic firefly, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Draemidae
cCjerwaT shierwath – Eunomic firefly, synonymous to shierym
caeryM aerym – Eunomic dragonfly, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Haeridae
cmiluZ miluz – Eunomic crab, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Ceridae
cnweT’ersep nweth’ersep – animaplants that are generally small and can fly,
acting as pollinators to flowering plants, and characterized by a lignous
indoskeleton; Anemanthera, anemanthers
:-p -ep – suffix generally denoting anemanthers that fly
:-yT -yth – suffix generally denoting anemanthers that cannot fly
cveryM bherym – leaf-like structure unique to anemanthers and used in flight
cvermep bhermep – word usually associated with certain animaplants of the
family Vermidae
cGolep gholep – Eunomic pidgeon, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vermidae
czelep zelep – Eunomic chicken, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vermidae
csemyT semyth – Eunomic goose, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Semidae
csemep semep – Eunomic duck, word usually associated with certain animaplants
of the family Semidae
cmindyT mindyth – Eunomic turkey, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Vermidae
cmilep milep – Eunomic seagull, word usually associated with certain
animaplants of the family Semidae
cdraemep draemep – Eunomic woodpecker, word usually associated with
certain animaplants of the family Vermidae
chasersep chasersep – word usually associated with certain animaplants of
the family Chasersidae
8.6 Family and Relations
cGuf ghuph (bh) – familial love, solidarity, community
cGuvseN ghubhzeñ – (trans.) to love someone as a family member or clansmen
cGuvek ghubhyc – family, clan, community
cGuveL ghubhel – family member, clan member
carJydriS arzhydris – father tree, final stage of a dryad’s life
cksaL csal – mother, most dominant autonomous dryad in a clan, father-to-be
csworeL sworel – princess, first-born sister, mother-to-be
cdriseL drisel – sister, autonomous dryad, second stage of a dryad’s life
cNjuryf ñiuryph – youngling, young drisel
chwyn chwyn – sapling, first stage of dryad’s life, non-autonomous young dryad
cDuN dhuñ – to protect, to guard, to care for
cDuM dhum – protection, security, care
cDulaT dhulath – honored guardian, protector, warrior
cDumeL dhumel – general guardian, protector, warrior
cGuvoheL ghubhochel – stranger, alien, drisel from another clan
cpTormeL pthormel – servant, slave (of not the same clan)
cGuvweneL ghubhwenel – rogue, clanless drisel, loner
cgruJyf gruzhyph – bastard, rogue, clanless drisel, prick
chron chron – unconditional love, true love, romantic love
chronzeN chronzeñ – (trans.) to love someone romantically or unconditionally
chronyk chronyc – couple, a unit of drisel within a clan acting as a small family
chroneL chronel – lover, spouse, one’s equal or fellow drisel in a chronyc
chronyf chronyph – adopted child, adopted ñiuryph raised in a chronyc
cstomyf stomyph – another word for chronyph used by a non-chronel
cfjaT phiath (dh) – brotherly love, friendship
cfjaDseN phiadhzeñ – (trans.) to love someone as a brother or friend
cfjaDyk phiadhyc – friendship, companionship
cfjaDeL phiadhel – friend, companion
csjerux csfurisex carDeN (sieru) sphurise ardheñ – (intrans.) to like
someone, to get along well with someone
csjerux cGrisex carDeN (sieru) ghrise ardheñ – (intrans.) to dislike, to
hate, to be annoyed by someone
celvisex carDeN elbhise ardheñ – (intrans.)
csjerux cers’seN (sieru) ers’señ – (trans.)
carJax csjerjax cgruzeN arzha (sieria) gruzyñ – (trans.)
cvTeN bhdheñ – (trans.) to know (someone)
8.7 Houses, Buildings, and Decor
cwilyf wilyph – tree top, canopy, roof
cbwor bwor – wall, fence
cfjet phiet – floor, ground
cvTaen bhdhaen – door, gate
cNwyn ñwyn – window
cvTaenyf bhdhaenyph – doorstep, small porch
cinegreM inecrem – entrance
cohekreM ochecrem – exit
caervwroM aerbhwom – balcony
caerfjet aerphiet – terrace
cCjeryT shieryth – fireplace, firepit, campfire
cgruzur gruzur – furnace, fireplace (vulgar)
cCjeron shieron – chimney
chaemyh chaemych – device for catching rain water, drain
cTaf thaph (bh) – attic, storage area
caeT aeth – floor, story, level
covaeT obhaeth – underground, lower story, basement
cvrot bhrot – room (general)
cGelvrot ghelbhrot – sleeping chamber, bedroom
chjovrot chiobhrot – place of cooking, kitchen
chjoryN chioryñ – to cook
cTumvrot thumbhrot – private study
cveL bhel – step, stair
czfeL zbhel – stairs
claeryT laeryth – temple
cCiL shil – bed
8.8 Clothing, Ornaments, and Color
ckryf cryph (cirbha) – clothing, outer garments (made from other
plants/animaplants)
cDuNgyr dhuñgyr – armor (made from metal)
crapseN rapseñ – (trans.) to sew, to weave
ckozyN cozyñ – (trans.) to value, to shine
ckozyM cozym – value, money
ckozmih cozmich – jewel, precious metal or mineral
cteryN teryñ – (trans.) to decorate, to adorn, to adjust
cresyN resyñ – (trans.) to decorate one’s skin, to tattoo
cresyL czedriS resyl zedris – sacred words that ornament the skin of a clan’s
drisel or the bark of their father tree
chaTyN chathyñ – (trans.) to adorn one’s hair/head with flowers
cdaereN daereñ – (trans.) to addorn, to wear (jewelry)
cdaermih daermich – jewelry, jewels or metals for addorning
chriN chriñ – (trans.) to wear (clothing)
:-ap -ap – suffix for a gem, jewel, or crystal
chworap chworap – emerald
clunap lunap – sapphire
cpewap pewap – diamond
cvozap bhozap – ruby
cJelap zhelap – cinnabar crystal
cmaelap maelap – quartz
cpyTap pythap – obsidian
chin chin – (adj) silver (color)
chur chur – (adj) gold (color)
chin ckozmih chin cozmich – silver metal, general metal
chin cdaermih chin daermich – silver jewelry
chur ckozmih chur cozmich – gold metal
chur cdaermih chur daermich – gold jewelry
cJeL ckozmih zhel cozmich – granular cinnabar
cJeL cdaermih zhel daermich – cinnabar (for reddening cheeks or lips)
cmilih milich – (general) metal, mirror
chin cmilih chin milich – iron, nickel
ckor cmilih cor milich – copper, bronze
czagor cmilih zagor milich – bronze
caerTih aerthich – (general) mineral
cbTelin bdhelin – color
chwar chwar – white
cJeL zhel – red, infra-red
czaJeL zazhel – dark red, maroon
cfaJeL phazhel – light red, pink
cfaryn pharyn – cyan, turquoise, blue-green
czaryn zaryn – indigo, blue, blue-purple
ckor cor – orange, amber
cfagor phagor – light orange, yellow
czagor zagor – dark orange, brown, redish-orange
csfur sphur – green
cfasfur phasphur – light green, yellow
czasfur zasphur – dark green, blue
cviGeM bhighem – purple, violet
cfaviGeM phabhighem – light purple, lavendar
czaviGeM zabhighem – dark purple
ctreh trech – ultraviolet
cfadreh phadrech – light ultraviolet
czadreh zadrech – dark ultraviolet
cpyT pyth – black, pitch black
cpCoL pshol – gray, black
cfabCoL phabzhol – light grey, white
czabCoL zabzhol – dark grey, black
*Most dryads are tetrachromats and are able to distinguish four fundamental
wavelengths of light and, thus, have much more effective color vision than humans.
Their interpretation of color depends on two sets of photoreceptors; the low-frequency
low-red (red-infra-red) light and amber (yellow-orange) light photoreceptors, and the
high-frequency green light and ultraviolet light photoreceptors. This allows them to
distinguish many hues of green and to see ultraviolet light and some infra-red light.
This is thought to better allow them to distinguish between different types of plants
and their respective fruits and flowers, a skill that is quite important on a planet
dominated by plant-like organisms. The following is a diagram showing their
photoreceptors and the light spectrum which they can see.
8.9 Body Parts and Sensing
cDaNyh (co-) dhañych – branch, arm
cstan (co-) stan – root, foot
cGaS (co-) ghas – split in branch, hand
cstaNGaS (co-) stañghas – split in root, foot
crovyn rovyn – thorn, needle, nail
cnreL (co-) nrel – eye
cwaer (c-) waer – ear
celoS (c-) elos – nostril
cmloT mloth (dh) – head
cveryM bherym – leaf, hair
cif iph – mouth
cGaer (co-) ghaer – lips
cTmaL thmal – tongue
cgaeL gael – throat
cDar dhar – tooth
cresyM resym – epidermis, skin
cbaeT (co-) baeth – stomach, container
ceryS erys – blossom, flower; protandrous, pollen producing, undeveloped
stigmata
caeryk aeryc – lung(s)
clibyS libys – fat, body fruit, internal fruit
cindraeM indraem – bone(s), bone structure, skeleton, internal lignous structure
for body support and the transport of water and nutrients
cstan’aryV stan’aryzh – brain, nervous system, internal root-system that
cordinates actions and transmits signals, primary ‘center’ located in the head
cpros’aryV pros’aryzh – heart, ventrical, central circulatory organ that
circulates the chlorocruorin plasma
cDaNh’aryV dhañch’aryzh – heart, secondary circulatory organs that help the
ventrical or central heart
caerTy’baeT aerthy’baeth – stomach, food stomach, digestive organ with thick
lining that contains special enzymes and bacteria to break down food
cmilaery’baeT milaery’baeth – pinoculum, water stomach, organ with a
special lining full of tiny hairs for osmosis and storing water
caDyN adhyñ – to deficate, to vomit, to expel waste by shedding the lining of the
stomach and regurgitating it and its contents through one’s mouth
caDmyf adhmyph – waste, feces, vomit (expelled through the mouth)
cboN boñ – (intrans.) to breath
cgsaN gzañ – (trans.) to see
cgsaN gzañ – (intrans.) to look like, to seem like
czegsaN zegzañ – (trans.) to glance, to get a look of
cnugsaN nugzañ – (trans.) to watch quietly or intently
czlegsaN zlegzañ – (trans.) to stare (at)
cgsaM gzam – sight
cgsiryM gzirym – figure, appearance
ckwaerax csyN cwaera syñ – (trans.) to listen
ckwaerax cnusyN cwaera nusyñ – (trans.) to listen quietly, to eavesdrop
cGoryS ghorys – voice
csnwor snwor – song, chant, sound
csnwormiL snwormil – music, ‘sea of song’, ‘sea of sound’
csweN sweñ – to swim
cfjoN phioñ – to float
csnwormilin csweN snwormilin sweñ – (intrans.) to actively listen to
music
csnwormilin cfjoN snwormilin phioñ – (intrans.) to passively listen to
music
cfloN phloñ – (trans.) to intake, to swallow, to drink, to eat, to taste
cfloN phloñ – (intrans.) to taste (like)
cfloM phlom – taste, consumption
cmilaerax cfloN milaera phloñ – (trans.) to drink (water)
caerTax cfloN aertha phloñ – (trans.) to eat (food)
csfeN spheñ – (trans.) to touch
czesfeN zespheñ – (trans.) to brush, to touch lightly
czlesfeN zlespheñ – (trans.) to hold
csfeM sphem – touch
celosax csyN elosa syñ – to smell
chjaN chiañ – fragrance, smell
chjaNax cfloN chiaña phloñ – to smell
csoryN soryñ – (intrans.) to feel warm, to feel hot
csoryN soryñ – (trans.) to warm (up), to heat (up)
csoryM sorym – warmth, heat
chlevyN chlebhyñ – (intrans.) to feel cold
chlevyN chlebhyñ – (trans.) to cool (down)
chlevyM chlebhym – coldness, cold
cNureN ñureñ – (trans.) to hurt
czeNureN zeñureñ – (trans.) to prick, to poke
czleNureN zleñureñ – (trans.) to chronically hurt, to fatally wound, to torture
cNureM ñurem – physical pain
cNuryh ñurych – physically painful
8.10 Speaking, Sleeping, and Gardening
cdriS dris – word, tree
czedriS zedris – words, language, trees
cTmaL thmal – tongue
czedriS cTmalyx zedris thmaly – language
cstoN stoñ – (trans.) to plant, to speak, to learn
croJiN rozhiñ – (trans.) to harvest
cmeN meñ – (trans.) to exchange
choN choñ – (trans.) to share
carDeN ardheñ – (trans.) to grow, to expand, to nurture
czedrisax cstoN zedrisa stoñ – to speak, to write, to plant trees
czedrisax croJiN zedrisa rozhiñ – to read, to study
czedrisax cmeN zedrisa meñ – to speak (with someone), to converse
czedrisax choN zedrisa choñ – to read aloud, to give a speech
czedrisax carDeN zedrisa ardheñ – to teach, to explain
czedrisax cnustoN zedrisa nustoñ – to talk under one’s breath, to
mumble, to talk to one’s self
cmloDinex cstoN mlodh(in)e stoñ – to learn, to plant (in)to one’s head
cCoN shoñ – (trans.) to bury
cwaT wath (dh) – seed, idea, word, dream, goal
cswaDax cCoN swadha shoñ – to tell, to plant seeds
cswaDax cnuCoN swadha nushoñ – to whisper (deceitfully), to tell secrets
croJiskax rozhisca – garden, field (plot of plants for harvesting), paragraph,
passage, document
csTur sthur – blank, empty, lacking
csTur croJiskax sthur rozhisca – empty field, (blank) paper
cpuCtax pushta – forest, collection of trees, book, story
cpuCtax cstoN pushta stoñ – to write a book
cpuCtax croJiN pushta rozhiñ – to read a book
cwaDmeL wadhmel – fruit, seed barrer, idea/secret barrer, knowledge
cswaDmelax croJiN swadhmela rozhiñ – to harvest fruit, to attain
knowledge, to learn something new
cGeL ghel – dream
cGelax carDeN ghela ardheñ – to dream
cGelax cstoN ghela stoñ – to sleep
cGelax cCestoN ghela shestoñ – to fall asleep
cGelax clestoN ghela lestoñ – to wake up
cGelax chilyN ghela chilyñ – to wake up
cGelax czestoN ghela zestoñ – to take a nap
cGelax czlestoN ghela zlestoñ – to pass away, to never wake
cGelstoM ghelstom – sleep
cswarax cGelax carDeN cgavaex swara ghela ardheñ gabhae –
good night, sweet dreams, ‘grow a sweet/spring dream’
cswarax cGelax swara ghela – good night, sweet dreams
ctaen taen – early
cTeL thel – late
8.11 Time, Seasons, Flavors, and Direction
caeryT aeryth – earth, land(s), food
cswar swar – (adj.) spring, sweet, west, lively
cJor zhor – (adj.) summer, salty, north
caryM arym – (adj.) autumn, sour, east
cNuL ñul – (adj.) winter, bitter, south, deadly
cswar caeryT swar aeryth – sweet food, western lands
cJor caeryT zhor aeryth – salty food, northern lands
caryM caeryT arym aeryth – sour food, eastern lands
cNuL caeryT ñul aeryth – bitter food, southern lands
cswar caer swar aer – spring air, sweet air, spring
cJor caer zhor aer – summer air, salty air, summer
caryM caer arym aer – autumn air, sour air, autumn
cNuL caer ñul aer – winter air, bitter air, winter
cswar cnweT swar nweth – spring breeze, sweet breeze, spring
cJor cnweT zhor nweth – summer breeze, salty breeze, summer
caryM cnweT arym nweth – autumn breeze, sour breeze, autumn
cNuL cnweT ñul nweth – winter breeze, bitter breeze, winter
cJorswar zhorswar – (adj.) salty-sweet, northwest
cJoraryM zhorarym – (adj.) salty-sour, northeast
cNulswar ñulswar – (adj.) bitter-sweet, southwest, life-or-death
cNularyM ñularym – (adj.) bitter-sour, southeast
cJorswar caeryT zhorswar aeryth – salty-sweet food, northwestern lands
cJoraryM caeryT zhorarym aeryth – salty-sour food, northeastern lands
cNulswar caeryT ñulswar aeryth – bitter-sweet food, southwestern lands
cNularyM caeryT ñularym aeryth – bitter-sour food, southeastern lands
cNulswar czaer ñulswar zaer – life-or-death situation
8.12 Natural Bodies and Phenomena
caer aer – air, atmosphere
caerok aeroc – air, gas
caeryT aeryth – earth, ground, dirt
cartyM artym – (full) moon, month
cbraS bras – peble
ceryh erych – rainbow
cfjuL phiul – mountain
cfjulyf phiulyph – hill
cgeL gel – boulder
cgelok geloc – solid
cGaeryT ghaeryth – desert
cGyr ghyr – dry
cGreN ghreñ – (trans.) to dry
cGreN ghreñ – (intrans.) to dry out
chaeM chaem – rain
chaemax ckreN chaema creñ – (intrans.) to rain
chelvar chelbhar – blue sky, clear skies
chelyS chelys – sky, skies
chlisaer chlisaer – weather
chliCjer chlishier – lightning
chlisnwor chlisnwor – thunder, cough
chlisnworax czeN chlisnwora zeñ – (trans.) to cough
chilviF chilbhish – comet
cmjeryk mieryc – night
chreTmjeryk chrethmieryc – tomorrow night
cCeTmjeryk shethmieryc – yesterday night
cneTmjeryk nethmieryc – tonight
chroS chros – time
chrosaeryT chrosaeryth – space-time, universe
ckaryS carys – shore
ckojar coyar – sun, bright sun
csor sor – sun
ckuryn curyn – cloud
ckyr cyr – rock, stone
claer laer – deity, god
cloT loth – ice
cloTfiuL lothphiul – glacier
clun lun – moon
cGelun ghelun – lunar eclipse
cgruzlun gruzlun – lunar eclipse
cGelsor ghelsor – solar eclipse
cgruzilsor gruzilsor – solar eclipse
cmiL mil – sea, ocean
cmilyf milyph – lake, pond
cmilviF milbhish – river
cmilok miloc – liquid
cmilvar milbhar – blue sea, clear seas
cnarot narot – negentropy, life
cnarotux cg’arDevaex narotu g’ardhebhae – thank you
cnarotux narotu – thanks
cgruJot gruzhot – entropy, chaos
cJyL zhyl – day
chreJyL chrezhyl – tomorrow
cCeJyL shezhyl – yesterday
cneJyL nezhyl – today
cnof noph – snow
cnraZ nraz – sand
cnruT nruth – beautiful, natural, of narot, lucky
cnruTeN nrutheñ – (trans.) to bless, to have/give luck
cnruTeM nruthem – beauty, elightenment
cnruTmeL nruthmel – beautiful person, elightened person
cnweT nweth – wind, breeze
cNarhelyS ñarchelys – sunrise
cpaeron paeron – infinity
cpaerwen paerwen – finiteness
csjuL siul – world, planet, physical universe
csmir smir – world, universe, everything
csjur siur – storm
csormiL sormil – hot spring, natural spring
cvet bhet – light
csfedar sphedar – pure light, zero
csfuraT sphurath – earth, greenery
cCjervjuL shierbhiul – volcano
cToNyL thoñyl – cave
cTuryn thuryn – hole
csmirveL smirbhel – number
cvibyF bhibysh – coast
cwisyf wisyph – island
cwisyp wisyp – peninsula
cpyTmer pythmer – darkness, shadow
cgruJeL gruzhel – fire, chaos
cGars’aeryT ghars’aeryth – earthquake
cGiryS ghirys – drought
cJevGelyS zhebhghelys – sunset
8.13 Emotion, Moral, and Perception
carDel’evuN ardhel’ebhuñ – enjoyable, indulgent
caryV aryzh – heart, soul
carJax cGreN arzha ghreñ – (trans.) to worry (one’s heart)
carJysnwor arzhysnwor – laughter
caTyh athych – clear-sighted, neutral, unbiased
caTyN athyñ – to abandon
cbiryN biryñ – to judge
cbugyr bugyr – shy, nervous
cbCoT bzhoth – fun, interesting
cbCoTeN bzhothen – boring, uninteresting
cdaharJuN dacharzhuñ – clever, curious
cdeTyr dethyr – virtue
cDelyk dhelyc – modest
cekaT ecath – impure, blemished, tarnished
celyf elyph – together, joint, united
celyN elyñ – (trans.) to combine, to join
celyN elyñ – (intrans.) to come together
cersax cbruN ersa bruñ – (trans.) to apologize
cfilot philot – ambitious, motivated
cfTelyN phthelyñ – to surprise
cfTelyS phthelys – surprised
cgeruN geruñ – (intrans.) to be indecision
cgeruN geruñ – (trans.) to confuse
cgeruS gerus – undecided, confused
cgoDyM godhym – meaning, purpose
cgrunyM grunym – failure
cgrunyN grunyñ – (intrans., trans.) to fail
cgrut grut – evil
cgruTyh gruthych – danger
cgruThuN gruthchuñ – dangerous
cgruJeh gruzhech – painful, uncomfortable
cgruJevN gruzhebhñ – (trans.) to make someone uncomfortable, disrupt
cgruJit gruzhit – lie, deception
cGaer ghaer – truth, fact, lip
cGaryM gharym – matter, affair, wager
cGaryN gharyñ – (intrans., trans.) to matter, to wage
cGen ghen – brave
cGeS ghes – reason
cGor ghor – awesome, good, nice
cGwyn ghwyn – safe, secure
cGwyN ghwyñ – (trans.) to secure
cGwyM ghwym – safety, security
chjeL chiel – unwavering, faithful, eternal
chilyp chilyp – consequence, result
chjur chiur – sick, unwell
chrenyS chrenys – forbidden
chreN chreñ – (trans.) to forbid, to be against
chrevN chrebhñ – (trans.) to change, to switch
chrevN chrebhñ – (intrans.) to change (over time), to be dynamic
chos’arJuN chos’arzhuñ – punctual
chruV chruzh – amazing, wonderful
chTuN chthuñ – (trans.) to scare
chTuS chthus – scared
chwer chwer – perfect, pure
chwereM chwerem – perfection
ciryN iryñ – (trans.) to mean, to equate to
cizyn izyn – strange, weird
ckabyF cabysh – sudden, unexpected
ckaeL cael – cute, small and kind
ckawroN cawroñ – (trans.) to observe
ckluT cluth – attractive, interesting
ckrelN crelñ – (trans.) to cheer for
crelN crelñ – (intrans.) to cheer, to yell loudly in support
ckseraN cserañ – (intrans.) to act, to behave
clasyp lasyp – nervous, uncomfortable, excited
clegruzyS legruzys – ugly, burnt
cersax carDeN (sierin) ersa ardheñ – (trans.) to feel
cmah mach – bracing, cold, rough
cmilax cwuryN mila wuryñ – (trans.) to cry endlessly
cmjoS mios – curiosity
cmjosyh miosych – curious
cmiryS mirys – smile
cmirs’seN mirs’señ – (trans.) to smile
cmloV mlozh – scary, horrific
cmuryn muryn – carefree
cnor nor – young
cNuluryh ñulurych – lachrymose, of or causing tears
cNweT ñweth – true, certain
cNwor ñwor – bad, horrible
cobTih obdhich – greedy
codreN odreñ – (trans.) to condition, to accustom
cpeDor pedhor – abrupt, random, interrupting
cpeGoN peghoñ – (intrans.) to tire
cpeGoS peghos – tired, faded, worn out
cpeTyh pethych – accident
cpoTyn pothyn – normal, average, usual
cprehyN prechyñ – (trans.) to concern
cpsoN psoñ – (trans.) to help
cpsoM psom – help
cpsomwen psomwen – helpless
cpTireN pthireñ – (intrans.) to succeed
cpTireM pthirem – success
cpweN pweñ – (trans.) to lose, to misplace
cpweS pwes – lost
cpwezmeL pwezmel – lost being, lost person, person without a purpose
cpwezyM pwezym – lost item
csaeL sael – important, precious, valuable
cseloN seloñ – (trans.) to steal
cseloS selos – stolen
cselyf selyph – crazy, insane, mad
csheN scheñ – (trans.) to long for (painfully)
csjeL siel – quiet
csmeN smeñ – (trans.) to long for, to want
csoL sol – honest, truthful
csoleM solem – honesty
csorelyf sorelyph – nice, comfortable, warming
csorelyN sorelyñ – (trans.) to comfort, embrace
csulfeM sulphem – sadness
csulyf sulyph – sad
csulyV sulyzh – dissapointing
csulJeM sulzhem – dissapointing
csfur’arDeS sphur’ardhes – successful
cers’sen cdavaex ers’sen dabhae – I’m sorry
cCeh shech – nice, kind
cCjeS shies – clean, tidy
cCik shic – loud, obnoxious
cCiNCiryS shiñshirys – bored
cCiNCiryN shiñshiryñ – (trans.) to bore
ctejoh teyoch – ridiculous, impossible, stupid
cteyoN teyoñ – (trans.) to ridicule, to make fun of
cTelS thelys – mean, cruel
ctrah trach – angry, furious
cTaer thaer – loyal
cTaereM thaerem – loyalty
cTweh thwech – annoying, hastling
cveT bheth (dh) – careful, meticulous
cviraT bhirath – extremely beautiful, sublime
cvseT bhzeth – strong, macho
cvsularJin bhzularzhin – selfcentered, stupid, naive
cwovjaN wobhiañ – to fear
cwuryN wuryñ – (trans., intrans.) to cry
czaL zal – gentle
czalen zalen – rough
czarfeM zarphem – happiness
czaryf zaryph – happy
czilax zila – jealousy
czileh zilech – jealous
cJeNyt zheñyt – serious
8.14 War, Government, and Clans
caerTax cseloN aertha seloñ – (trans.) to invade, to take land
cbiN biñ – (trans.) to beat, to hit
cbrevyN brebhyñ – (trans.) to take by force
cbwor bwor – wall, barrier
cdaen daen – offer, proposition, agreement
cdusyN dusyñ – (trans.) to conquer, to subjugate
cenaeL enael – unbreakable, powerful, omnipotent
cfjeL phiel – medicine, healing
cfsemeL phsemel – leader, guide, general
cfseN phseñ – (trans.) to guide, to lead
cgaevN gaebhñ – (intrans., trans.) to gather, to bring/come together
cgelif geliph – shield, shell
cgruzyN gruzyñ – (trans.) to burn, to destroy
cguL gul – health
cgulduryM guldurym – healing place, hospital
cGen ghen – brave, rash
cGuseN ghuseñ – (trans.) to call out to, to give orders to
cheryN cheryñ – (trans.) to keep, to maintain
chiliV chilizh – weapon, tool for killing
chilyp chilyp – consequence, result
chjubeN chiubeñ – (intrans.) to happen, to arise, to come to pass
chjubeN chiubeñ – (trans.) to cause, to bring to pass
ckraT crath – realm, inhabited land, nation, clan, social sphere
ckraTeL crathel – citizen, clan member, inhabitor of a crath
ckraThoM crathchom – politics, active sharing or interaction between members
of a crath
ckraTsaeM crathsaem – war, fight between craths
cmilyN milyñ – (intrans.) to force one’s way, to march
cmilyN milyñ – (trans.) to push, to force away
cmlur mlur – clan, village, family (living within a crath)
cNureN ñureñ – (trans.) to physically hurt (something)
cNureM ñurem – physical pain
cNuryh ñurych – physically painful
cpoDyh podhych – bomb, explosion
crovnyk robhnyc – knife, small blade
csaemeL saemel – warrior, fighter
csaeN saeñ – to fight
csjaver siabher – sword, long blade
csfozluryN sphozluryñ – (trans.) to kill, to make one die
csfozlurmeL sphozlurmel – murderer, killer
cTin thin – device, instrument
cTuN thuñ – (intrans.) to explode
cTuN thuñ – (trans.) to blow (something) up, to explode
cvseT bhzeth – strong, sturdy
czluryN zluryñ – (intrans.) to die
czluryM zlurym – death
cJer zher – sap, blood
cJuvN zhubhñ – (trans.) to prepare
casnat Asnat – Asnat dryads, Tephric clans
cmeljat Meliat – Meliat dryads, Thalassic clans
carjat Ariat – Ariat dryads, Selenic clans
cheljat Cheliat – Cheliat dryads, Uranic clans
cTaeL cgruzur Thael Gruzur – ‘the Great Inferno’, ‘the Great War’
8.15 Entertainment, Music, and Art
carJin carDeN arzhin ardheñ – (trans.) to imagine, to think deeply about, to
daydream about
cbimyh bimych – percussion, drum
cbuN buñ – (trans.) to play (an instrument)
cder der – string
cderyh derych – string instrument
cdraemyh draemych – dryadic double-sided harp
cezel’evuN ezel’ebhuñ – creative
cezel’ef ezel’eph (bh) – creativeness, imagination
cezeN ezeñ – (trans.) to make, to create, to compose
cGorsyf ghorsyph – dryadic flute, small woodwind instrument
cGoryS ghorys – voice
cGoryS csnworyx ghorys snwory – melody, tune
ckriM crim – picture, painting
ckrimax czeN crima zeñ – (trans.) to draw, to paint (a picture of)
ckriN criñ – (trans.) to imagine, to picture
ckrelgriM crelgrim – memory
ckseraN cserañ – (intrans.) to act
ckseraN cserañ – (trans.) to imitate, to show
cmrezeN mrezeñ – (trans.) to remake, to reproduce, to copy
cnweTyh nwethych – wind instrument
csnwor snwor – song, chant, story
csnwormiL snwormil – music
csnworyh snworych – instrument (general)
csnworax choN swora choñ – (trans.) to sing (a song)
cteryN teryñ – (trans.) to tune (an instrument), to adjust
caryh arych – dryadic lute
czeraN zerañ – (intrans.) to dance, to flutter
czestoN zestoñ – (trans.) to practice (general)
czebuN zebuñ – (trans.) to practice (an instrument)
czleporoN zleporoñ – (trans.) to be horrible at, to never get the hang of
8.16 Miscellaneous
caerTur aerthur – food stand, place of distribution of food
caeveN aebheñ – (intrans.) to appear, to surprise
caeveM aebhem – surprise appearance
canuN anuñ – (intrans.) to sit
:-ux carDeS cwiN (-u) ardhes …wiñ – (number) plus (number) equals
:-wen carDeS cwiN (-wen) ardhes …wiñ – (number) minus (number) equals
carJux arzhu – very, really
cbelN belñ – (trans.) to pull
cbevN bebhñ – (trans.) to break, to crack (something)
cbevN bebhñ – (intrans.) to break, to crack
cbilbiL bilbil – dizzy, confused
cbilyh bilych – tight, compact
cbjuL biul – horn; large, pointy lignous structure found on some animaplants
cboN boñ – (intrans.) to breath
cboraN borañ – (trans.) to pick (a flower), to take, to accept (a promise)
cbruh bruch – light, unheavy
cbrun brun – fan, hand-held instrument that displaces air
cbuseN buseñ – (intrans.) to fall apart
cbCaN bzhañ – (trans.) to do
cbCilyN bzhilyñ – (trans.) to assess
cbsuL bzul – near, close
cbsut bzut – weak, junky, old, falling apart
cd’arJaex d’arzhae – oh my god, oh dear, alas
cdaen daen – grand, magnificent
cdah dach – tall, overlooking
cderyN deryñ – (trans.) to stop, to cancel
cduS dus – every, all
cdweN dweñ – (intrans.) to stand
cDaroN dharoñ – (intrans., trans.) to pause, to stop
cDe: dhe- (number) – (sides) -gon
cDeDaN dhedhañ – pentagon
cDehrowax dhechrowa – triangle
cDepaeron dhepaeron – circle
cDerawax dherawa – hexagon
cDevaebsax dhebhaebza – octogon
cDesjuN dhesiuñ – quadrilateral
caryM cDesjuN arym dhesiuñ – right kite (shape)
cJor cDesjuN zhor dhesiuñ – square
cswar cDesJuN swar dhesiuñ – rhombus
cNuL cDesjuN ñul dhesiuñ – isocelese trapezoid
cDesyk dhesyc – block
cDoryf dhoryph – opening, whole
cDoryN dhoryñ – (trans.) to open
cDrowax dhrowa – dirty
cDur dhur – hard, difficult
cDusfureN dhusphureñ – (intrans.) to survive
cDwoN dhwoñ – (trans.) to become
ceGroS eghros – humid, wet
celoT eloth – low
cfarun pharun – rare, uncommon
cfjoN phioñ – (intrans.) to float
cfTelur phthelur – shop, store
cfTelyN phthelyñ – (trans.) to surpise
cfTelyN phthelyñ – (intrans.) to shop, to browse
cfTilisex phthilise – at last, finally
cg’narodisex g’narodise – hello, goodbye (contraction of ‘ge narodise’)
cgaT gath (dh) – same, identical
cgjer gier – repair, correction, fix
cgjerax czeN giera zeñ – (trans.) to repair, to fix
cgilisex gilise – again
cgruveN grubheñ – (intrans., trans.) to hide
cguT guth (dh) – straight
cGalvuS ghalbhus – always, forever
cGlif ghliph (bh) – pocket
cGoT ghoth – soon, in a moment
cGoS ghos – item, thing
cGur ghur – whole, complete, all
chjodeL chiodel – example
chjodelin chiodelin – for example, for instance
chowux chowu – wow, my goodness
:-ux chroS cwiN (-u) chros …wiñ – (number) times (number) equals
:-wen chroS cwiN (-wen) chros …wiñ – (number) divided by (number)
equals
chropaeron chropaeron – sphere
chuN chuñ – (trans.) to describe
chwaraZ chwaraz – dust, ash
ciTyh ithych – skinny, thin
cityr ityr – fresh, new
ckeDjun cedhiun – box
ckeliN celiñ – (trans.) to bend
ckeliS celis – crooked, bent
clanuN lanuñ – (intrans.) to stand up, to get up
cleDoryN ledhoryñ – (trans.) to close
clef leph – deep
clegruN legruñ – (trans., intrans.) to choose, to decide
clehryN lechryñ – (trans.) to take off, to remove
clekreN lecreñ – (intrans.) to arrive
cleCnyN leshnyñ – (trans.) to find
clezeN lezeñ – (trans.) to finish
cloh loch – faint, dull, weak
cersur ersur – blossom shop, flower stand
cluryN luryñ – (intrans.) to get up, to sit up (after having fallen)
cmax ma – well, well then
cmaeN maeñ – (trans.) to tie
cmaetyN maetyñ – post, pole
cmelyN melyñ – (trans.) to hope
cmelyN melyñ – (trans.) to hold
cmendriS mendris – algebra
cmeNgsiryM meñgzirym – geometry
cmesyk mesyc – bowl
cmilTuryn milthuryn – waste hole, toilet
cmoL mol – far away, far
cmodeL model – adventure, excitement
cmreDoryN mredhoryñ – (trans.) to reopen
cmweN mweñ – mud
cmyDeM mydhem – difference
cmyT myth – different, other
cmyDisex mydhise – instead, conterarily
cnalDjun naldhiun – bag
cnavyN nabhyñ – (trans.) to hint to, to lightly expose
chreDehrowax chredhechrowa – scalene triangle
cneDehrowax nedhechrowa – equilateral triangle
cCeDehrowax shedhechrowa – isocelese triangle
cniV nizh – still, yet
cnreZ nrez – way, method
cnrezyN nrezyñ – (trans.) to explore, to discover
cnukreN nucreñ – (intrans.) to sneek, to tiptoe
cnur nur – game
cnurax cmeN nura meñ – to play a game
cnuryN nuryñ – (intrans.) to lie down
cnwoN nwoñ – (trans.) to put down
cnyf nyph – short
cnyven nybhen – long
cNeL ñel – left
criN riñ – right
cNruM ñrum – knowledge
cNrumin ñrumin – sensible, knowledgeable
cNruN ñruñ – (trans.) to know
cNulholsuN ñulcholsuñ – selfish, selfcentered, lonely
cNweL ñwel – so, correct, such
cNweloT ñweloth (dh) – also, too, equally
cgwoN gwoñ – (intrans.) to play
ckreN creñ – (intrans.) to go, to come
ckreN creñ – (trans.) to move
cvwoN bhwoñ – (intrans.) to walk
cpaNyN pañyñ – (trans.) to bend, to turn to the side
cpembeN pembeñ – flat
cpjeT pieth – paste, cream
cpoL pol – more, a lot, plenty
cporoN poroñ – to try, to attempt
cpren pren – shallow
cpsireN psireñ – (trans.) to lock, to confiscate
crobeN robeñ – (trans.) to pull
cselyF selysh – explanation
cselCax cbruN selsha bruñ – (trans.) to explain, to give an explanation
csevN sebhñ – (intrans.) to wait
csevN sebhñ – (trans.) to wait on (someone)
csihreT sichreth (dh) – then, thereafter
csihroS sichros – now, at this time
csihrosuN sichrosuñ – recently, nowadays
csmof smoph – always
csmoven smobhen – never
cvedyk bhedyc – light, torch, lamp
csyM sym – Eunomic year
cCaveN shabeñ – (trans.) to edit, to fix, to make suitable
cCtoN shtoñ – (trans.) to start, to begin
cCekreN shecreñ – (intrans.) to leave
cCesfureM shesphurem – history, past
csfureN sphureñ – (intrans.) to live, to be alive
csfureM sphurem – life
cCnyN shnyñ – (trans.) to find, to look for, to learn
cCuryN shuryñ – (trans.) to wash
cCwen shwen – bottle
cTryfet thryphet – device, machine
ctoh toch – exact
ctweL twel – many, a lot
cTuNeN thuñeñ – (intrans.) to work
cTuNeM thuñem – work
cTuNmeL thuñmel – worker
cTuryn thuryn – hole
curyN uryñ – (intrans.) to fall down
cvaeL bhael – wide, vast
cvalyn bhalyn – bright
cvermiL bhermil – tea
cveV vezh – quote, saying
cvihroS bhichros – that time, at that moment, then
cvreN bhreñ – (trans.) to need, to require
cvTuh bhdhuch – everything, all, entirity
cwiN wiñ – (trans.) to be, to exist
czajun zayun – free, unrestricted
czanuN zanuñ – (intrans.) to sit for a moment, to rest
czTiryN zdhiryñ – (intrans.) to take a break
czehrosuN zechrosuñ – sometimes, from time to time
czekreN zecreñ – (intrans.) to go for a walk, to go for a moment
czlekreN zlecreñ – (trans.) to delete
czlekreN zlecreñ – (intrans.) to never return
cznalyN znalyñ – (intrans.) to jump
cznalyN znalyñ – (trans.) to jump over (something)
cnalyN nalyñ – (intrans.) to fly
cnalyN nalyñ – (trans.) to fly over (something)
czuL zul – possibility
czuluN zuluñ – possibly, maybe
czuyN zuryñ – (intrans.) to trip
cJaeL zhael – proud
cJoL zhoñ – type, kind
cJun zhun – slow
cpalyk palyc – quick, fast
cCehryN shechryñ – (trans.) to put on
czehryN zehryñ – (trans.) to try on
9. Literature and Excerpts
9.1. Dryadic Myth: Song of the Universe
csnwor cGursmiryx
cwaDisex cpaeronisjex chwynax cvedjax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex csmirex cdrisax chliseL ,
cbewuNisex carJisex cnagCurodax cstoTaN cersaL ,
cviL csnworax chros’aerTjax cCeTaN csfedarisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex chwarax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex czmjergex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cnarodisjex czeS ciTaN caryx cersaL ,
cviL csnworax cartemjax cCeTaN cartymisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex ckorax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex cJlex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cnarodisjex czeS ciTaN ckojix cersaL ,
cviL csnworax ckojarjax cCeTaN ckojarisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex csfurax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex cspustex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cnarodisjex czeS ciTaN csfix cersaL ,
cviL csnworax csfuraTjax cCeTaN csfuraTisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex cfarnax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex cskurnex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cnarodisjex czeS ciTaN chlix cersaL ,
cviL csnworax chelvarjax cCeTaN chelvarisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex czarnax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex cskarsex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cnarodisjex czeS ciTaM cmilyx cersaL ,
cviL csnworax cmilvarjax cCeTaM cmilvarisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex cpColax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex cTamsex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cnarodisjex czeS ciTaM cpTix cersaL ,
cviL csnworax cpyTmerjax cCeTaM cpyTmerisaL .
cwaDmelisex cvedisjex cJelax chwynax chliseL ,
ctwelux czhasux cdusex czlurmex cdrisax chliseL ,
carJisex cgJurodisjex czeS ciTaN cCjeryx cersaL ,
cviL csnworax czlaerjax cCegrusTaN cgruJelisaL .
Snwor Ghursmiry
Wadhise paeronisie chwyna bhedia chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse smire drisa chlisel,
Bewuñise arzhise nagzhuroda stothañ ersal,
Bhil snwora chros’aerthia shethañ Sphedarisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie chwara chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse zmierge drisa chlisel,
Arzhise narodisie zes ithañ ary ersal,
Bhil snwora artemia shethañ Artymisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie cora chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse zhle drisa chlisel,
Arzhise narodisie zes ithañ coyi ersal,
Bhil snwora coyaria shethañ Coyarisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie sphura chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse spuste drisa chlisel,
Arzhise narodisie zes ithañ sphi ersal,
Bhil snwora sphurathia shethañ Sphurathisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie pharna chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse scurne drisa chlisel,
Arzhise narodisie zes ithañ chli ersal,
Bhil snwora chelbharia shethañ Chelbharisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie zarna chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse scarse drisa chlisel,
Arzhise narodisie zes itham mily ersal,
Bhil snwora milbharia shetham Milbharisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie pshola chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse thamse drisa chlisel,
Arzhise narodisie zes itham pthi ersal,
Bhil snwora pythmeria shetham Pythmerisal.
Wadhmelise bhedisie zhela chwyna chlisel,
Twelu zghasu duse zlurme drisa chlisel,
Arzhise gzhurodisie zes ithañ shiery ersal,
Bhil snwora zlaeria shegrusthañ Gruzhelisal.
Song of the Universe
From the seed of eternity a sprout of light grows,
With many branches stretching to the whole world the tree grows,
From a split heart the blossoms give birth to good and evil,
And Sphetaris begins to sing her song of space and time.
From the fruit of light a white sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all nights the tree grows,
From the heart of virtue the first blossom gives way,
And the song the moon, Artymis begins to play.
From the fruit of light a yellow sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all days the tree grows,
From the heart of virtue the second blossom give way,
And the song of the sun, Coyaris begins to play.
From the fruit of light a green sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all forests the tree grows,
From the heart of virtue the third blossom gives way,
And the song of the earth, Sphurathis begins to play.
From the fruit of light a cyan sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all clouds the tree grows,
From the heart of virtue the fourth blossom gives way,
And the song of the sky, Chelbharis begins to play.
From the fruit of light a blue sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all shores the tree grows,
From the heart of virtue the fifth blossom gives way,
And the song of the sea, Milbharis begins to play.
From the fruit of light a black sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all shadows the tree grows,
From the heart of virtue the sixth blossom gives way,
And the song of nothing, Pythmeris begins to play.
From the fruit of light a red sprout grows,
With many branches stretching to all death the tree grows,
From the heart of malice the burning blossom gives way,
And the song of the Gods, Gruzhelis begins to disarray.
9.2. Dryadic Legend: The Princess of Camellias
csnworeL cNulaDyx
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
cJoruN cJevhelsuN cksalux csaeM cbasjuM ,
ckraTin csaemaeruNin csfuresiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
cJoruN cJevhelsuN csmirux csaeM cbasjuM ,
carJin cvsulon chwynon cwiM cbasiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
carmuN carDemjerguN clunax cCnyM cbasjuM ,
czlurmax cNulurhisex cheM cbasiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
carmuN carDemjerguN cersax cseM cbasjuM ,
cGrux cwaDux cGaerax csfeM cbasiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
cNuluN cNarhelsuN cdurmisex ckreM cbasjuM ,
cksalux cderym’poroN cwiM cbasiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
cNuluN cNarhelsuN czarJelax cpweM cbasjuM ,
cgruJotux carDeS cwiM cbasiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
cswaruN csoriNJluN cersax clestoM cbasjuM ,
cklivnex ckwaerax czeL cevasiS .
czalax czfalax cNulaTjax cTelyh’Telyh czeraL .
cswaruN csoriNJluN cmloDiN cers’seM cbasjuM ,
csjerjax cGelax czlestoM cbasiS .
Sworel Ñuladhy
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Zhoruñ zhebhghelsuñ Csalu saem basium,
Crathin saemaeruñin sphuresis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Zhoruń zhebhghelsuñ smiru saem basium,
Arzcin bhzulon chwynon wim basis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Armuñ ardhemierguñ luna shnym basium,
Zlurma ñulurchise chem basis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Armuñ ardhemierguñ ersa zem basium,
Ghru wadhu ghaera sphem basis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Ñuluñ ñarchelsuñ durmise crem basium,
Csalu derym-poroñ wim basis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Ñuluñ ñarchelsuñ zarzhela pwem basium,
Gruzhotu ardhes wim basis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Swaruñ Soriñzhluñ ersa lestom basium,
Clibhne cwaera zel ebhasis.
Zala zbhala ñulathia thelych-thelych zeral.
Swaruñ Soriñzhluñ mlodhin ers’sem basium,
Sieria ghela zlestom basis.
Princess of Camellias
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
Under the summer sunset she fought with her mother,
Though living in a land on the brink of war.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
Under the summer sunset she fought with the world,
Despite being so young, innocent and naive.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
In the growing autumn nights she watched the moon,
Although in lachrimosity she sought death.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
In the growing autumn nights she found love,
Even though they kissed in impudence.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
With the winter sunrise she ran away from home,
Even though her mother tried to stop her.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
With the winter sunrise she lost the ones she loved,
Yet she was the one who had done wrong.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
In the warm spring days she asked for forgiveness,
Although no one could hear her.
The delicate petals of the Camellia fall one by one.
In the warm spring days she had matured,
Yet she was to give up her autonomy forever.
9.3. Short Story: The Flower King
cTaeL cpewaT
cTaelax cpewaTax csmirinex chlisesaf chrosaf .
csfuroL cfjulgoL cstoS ciTaM cbaS . cax cDox carJux
cswarx cwiN caerasyx , cnruTax cersax cTaM cbaS , cviL
cvDuhiS cshaTiS csmiruN cNweDisex cviraeDoL cwiM
cbix cersasjuM . cDox cTaelax cpewaTax cgsaN
czpasax , cmolisex cviL cbsulisex caerTisex cvTuhax
cshaTax ckreS . clevin cJand’aerTin cers’sesax
cshaTax celvisex cGaevaS . cax cviL ckabCisex cbsax
cnruTmelax cTaelaTex cpewaTaTex ckreS . cJeloL
cTaroL ckaeson carDeS czTarux , citrax csfurax
czfermax cdaereM cbaS , cviL cgsirmux cnruTjux
czerameljux czalisex cTaelex cpewaTex czedrisax
cstoM cbaS :
cehrax cmilax cgsan cdasuN chrosuN , cnraz’aerToL
chwar’novjoL cdwesax ctolsax cdjax cbelym’belyM
csfurisex carDesoN . cswarin chaemin cbax csjen
cdaS , cviL cnalin cehrin cnweTin cmurnisex csfuren
cdasajoN . cvozaT csjerax cvToryn cdaloN . cDox
cTaelux cdeTrux cgjux cswarax chjaNax cdjax
cGel’vrodaf cporoTaN cgalax , cdax csjaeTex
ckresoN . cTaelx cpewaTajoN , ctolsax cdjax
cboraTaN cgalnoN .
chreDisex , cGasux ckrentiNax cmelyN
claes’haTasax , cTaelaTex cpewaTaTex cGrisex
ckreS . cbex cwiM cpeGoS chwar czfalasx , cviL
ckelisux cpvjaTux cbax cdweS . cTaelex cpewaTex
cCehisex czedrisax cstoM cbasjuM :
claeseh cmilviCeh csfureL chworaT cwin cdaloN .
cNulex chelsex cwiM cvaeL cJand’aerTaloN , cviL
cJorex chelsex cwin cdah csfjulaloN . cdax
csfuresuN chrosuN , cdax ctwelex caerTex ckresoN ,
cviL ctwelax cartemax clarDesax cgsan cdasoN . cDox
cgax cpson cdalax , cviL cCjerux cgsirmjux cgruzyS
cwiN cgalnax , csjaerTex cdax ckresjumoN , cTaeL
cpewaTajoN .
ctaelex cpewaTex czedrisax cston cdrisaTaS :
cDelax cshaTax cgaTex ckresoN , cTaeL cpewaTajoN .
cgux cklivax csfurisex carDeloN , cviL cklivax
cGrisex carDeloN .
cTaebax cduTan cTaeL cpewaTaS :
cNweDisex czedrisax cstoN chrowaTaliF , cNjer
carJux cfarun cwiN cNweL cnruTmelaliF .
cax cNjer chrowaTax cbaTex ckreS , cviL czedrisax
cstoM cbaS :
cNweDax cTaermax cvsulux carJux cNrun cTaeL
cpewaTalaraex carJin cmelyn cdasoN , cNjer cNweL
cwiM cbalnax csihrosaf csjaerTaf caThisex cgsan
cdalajoN . chaTex cwin cnruT czfalaliS , czfalof
cwiN crovnyx cevoTalarajoN .
chworaTax cCekreS , cbiL czedrisex cbjex cTaebax
cduTan cTaeL cpewaTaS .
cNweliF , cGrax cersax czen cdaS .
Thael Pewath
Thaela Pewatha smirine chlisesaph chrosaph, sphurol phiulgol stos itham bas. A dho
arzcu swar wiñ aerasy, nrutha ersa tham bas, bhil bhdhuchis schathis smiruñ
ñwedhise bhiraedhol wim bi ersasium. Dho Thaela Pewatha gzań zbasa, molise bhil
bzulise aerthise bhdhucha schatha cres. Lebhin zcand’aerthin ers’sesa schatha elbhise
gaebhas. A bhil cabzhise bza nruthmela Thaelathe Pewathathe cres. Zhelol tharol
caeson ardhes zdharu, itra sphura zbherma daerem bas, vil gzirmu nruthiu zerameliu
zalise Thaele Pewathe zedrisa stom bas.
“Echra mila gzan dasuñ chrosuñ, nraz’aerthol chwar’nobhiol dwesa tolsa dia belym-
belym sphurise ardhesoñ. Swarin chaemin ba sien das, bhil nalin echrin nwethin
murnise sphuren dasayoñ. Bhozath siera bhdhoryn daloñ. Dho thaelu dethru giu
swara chiańa dia ghel’bhrodaph porothań gala, da siaerthe cresoñ. Tcael
Pewathayoñ, tolsa dia borathań galnoñ?”
Chredcise, ghasu crentiña melyñ laes’chathasa, Tcaelathe Pewathathe ghrise cres. Be
wim peghos chwar zbhalas, bhil celisu pobhiathu ba dwes. Thaele Pewathe shechise
zedrisa stom basium.
“Laesech milbhishech sphurel Chworatc win daloñ. Ñule chelse wim bhael
zhand’aerthaloñ, bhil zhore chelse win dach sphiulaloñ. Da sphuresuñ chrosuñ, da
twele aerthe cresoñ, bhil twela artema lardcesa gzan dasoñ. Dho ga pson dala, bhil
scieru gzirmiu gruzys wiñ galna, siaerthe da cresiumoñ, Thael Pewathayoñ.”
Thaele Pewathe zedrisa ston drisathas.
“Dhela schatha gathe cresoñ, Thael Pewathayoñ. Gu clibha sphurise ardheloñ, bhil
clibha ghrise ardheloñ?”
Thaeba duthan Thael Pewathas.
“Ñwedhise zedrisa stoñ Chrowathalish, ñier arzhu pharun wiñ ñwel nruthmelalish.”
A ñier Chrowatha bathe cres, bhil zedrisa stom bas.
“Ñwedha thaerma bhzulu arzcu ñrun Tcael Pewathalarae arzhin melyn dasoñ, ñier
ñwel wim balna sichrosaph siaertcaph athchise gzan dalayoñ. Chathe win nruth
zbhalalis, zbhaloph wiñ robhny ebhothalarayoñ.”
Chworatha shecres, bhil zedrise bie tcaeba duthan Thael Pewathas.
“Ñwelish, ghra ersa zen das…”
The Flower King
When the Flower King came into the world, he resided upon a lush hilltop. He
blossomed many beautiful flowers, as it was spring, and his blossoms were more
enchanting than any other flower in the world. Many flowers from near and far
traveled to see the Flower King. They gathered together in the deep valley, and
suddenly a charming floret approached the King. She wore vivid green clothing with
teeth like jades upon her red face, and elegantly as if dancing she began to speak with
a delicate voice.
“I have grown up very lavishly staring at the lucid sea from sandy beaches, white like
snow. I have bathed in the sweet rains of spring, and I have lived freely and carefree
in the clear, soothing wind. I am known as the Rose. Through your majesty’s great
virtue, I have come here to share with you my sweet aroma in my sleeping chambers.
Will you accept me, your majesty?”
Soon after an old flower with cane in hand clumsily approached the King. She had
faded white hair, and she stood with a crooked stem. She spoke politely to the King.
“I am the Orchid who lives by the old river. To the south stretches a boundless field,
and to the north lies towering mountains. I have traveled great distances and I have
seen many moons pass in my lifetime. I am here to serve, and to prevent your majesty
from being blinded by the poisons of appearance.”
A dryas flower then spoke to the King.
“Two flowers have approached you, your majesty… To whom will you listen and to
whom will you not?”
The King answered accordingly.
“The Orchid knows well, but such a floret of beauty is quite rare…”
The Orchid came forward and spoke once more.
“I humbly believed the wise King would recognize true loyalty, but now as I stand
here, I clearly see that is not so. A flower may have beautiful petals, but underneath
those petals may also lie thorns.”
The Orchid turned to leave, and the King responded to her words.
“Indeed, I have made a mistake…”
9.4. Classical Dryadic Poetry
9.4.1. Song of the Dryads
csnwor czedrisjadyx
clohisjex cluny’vedisjex
czedrisisjex czalisex czferymisex
cnalef cnuCon cnweTaL ,
cnruTjex cnarodjex cartymisex .
“Snwor Zedrisiady”
Lochisie Luny’bhedisie
Zedrisisie Zalise Zbherymise
Naleph Nushon Nwethal,
Nruthie Narodie Artymise.
“Song of the Dryads”
Tis from the trees’ gentle
Leaves of faint moonlight
That the wind softly whispers
To Artymis of beautiful nature.
9.4.2. Tree Never Grown
carDelen cdriS
chlevinex cholos’durginex
cprosinjex cpuCtinjex cpwelinjex
csmoven csfeN csoralen ,
csormax cshelex czTaNGalex .
“Ardhelen Dris”
Chlebhine Cholos’durgine
Prosinie Pushtinie Pwelinie
Smobhen Spheñ Soralen,
Sorma Schele Zdhañghale.
“Tree Never Grown”
Tis in the cold, lonely darkness
Of a lost forest’s heart
That the sun touches not
To branches longing for warmth.
9.4.3. My Blossom in the Wind
cd’eryS cnweTinyx
cmahisex cmil’nweTisex
chul’evalnisjex chwerisjex chronisjex
csfurmax csfeN csoraL ,
cswarisex cselosin cdarJin .
“D’erys Nwethiny”
Machise Mil’nwethise
Chul’ebhalnisie Chwerisie Chronisie
Sphurma Spheñ Soral,
Swarise Selosin D’arzhin.
“My Blossom in the Wind”
Tis from the bracing sea breeze
Of indescribable true love
That the sun brings light to my life,
Soothingly within my stolen heart.
9.4.4. A Future Together
celyf chreT
crawaTjoL crwes’valoL
cGorsux cGorjux cGeljux
chaemax chreJljax chuseL ,
chilelnjex chronjex cd’arJex .
“Elyph Chretc”
Rawathiol Rwes’bhalol
Ghorsu Ghoriu Gheliu
Chaema Chrezhlia Chusel,
Chilelnie Chronie D’arzhe.
“A Future Together”
Tis atop the dew covered lily petals
With the voice of a marvelous dream
That the rainfall of tomorrow calls out
To my heart of endless love.
