Théories des rôles causals de l'explication fonctionnelle Les explications fonctionnelles sont un type d'explication proposé dans les sciences naturelles et sociales.. En donnant ces explications, les chercheurs font appel aux fonctions qu’une structure ou un système a. Par exemple, un biologiste pourrait dire, "Le rein a pour fonction d'éliminer les déchets de la circulation sanguine." Ou un sociologue pourrait dire, « Le but de la monogamie est de préserver la

Rudolf Carnap: Modal Logic In two works, a paper in The Journal of Symbolic Logic in 1946 and the book Meaning and Necessity in 1947, Rudolf Carnap developed a modal predicate logic containing a necessity operator N, whose semantics depends on the claim that, where α is a formula of the language, Nα represents the proposition that α is logically necessary. Carnap’s view was that Nα should

Antisthenes (c. 446—366 B.C.E.) Known in antiquity as an accomplished orator, a companion of Socrates, and a philosopher, Antisthenes presently gains renown from his status as either a founder or a forerunner of Cynicism. He was the teacher to Diogenes of Sinope, and he is regarded by Diogenes Laertius as the first Cynic philosopher. He is credited with the authorship of over sixty titles, appears

Philosophy of Peace Peace is notoriously difficult to define, and this poses a special challenge for articulating any comprehensive philosophy of peace. Any discussion on what might constitute a comprehensive philosophy of peace invariably overlaps with wider questions of the meaning and purpose of human existence. The definitional problem is, paradoxalement, a key to understanding what is involved in articulating a philosophy of peace. Dans

Philosophy of Dreaming According to Owen Flanagan (2000), there are four major philosophical questions about dreaming: 1. How can I be sure I am not always dreaming? 2. Can I be immoral in dreams? 3. Are dreams conscious experiences that occur during sleep? 4. Does dreaming have an evolutionary function? These interrelated questions cover philosophical domains as diverse as metaphysics, épistémologie, éthique, scientific methodology, et