Continental Rationalism Continental rationalism is a retrospective category used to group together certain philosophers working in continental Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, en particulier, Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, especially as they can be regarded in contrast with representatives of “British empiricism,” most notably, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Whereas the British empiricists held that all knowledge has its origin in, and is limited by,

Platon: Organicism Organicism is the position that the universe is orderly and alive, much like an organism. According to Plato, the Demiurge creates a living and intelligent universe because life is better than non-life and intelligent life is better than mere life. It is the perfect animal. In contrast with the Darwinian view that the emergence of life and mind are accidents of evolution, the Timaeus

The Aesthetics of Classical Music Musical aesthetics as a whole seeks to understand the perceived properties of music, in particular those properties that lead to experiences of musical value for the listener. It may also be understood more broadly as essentially synonymous with the philosophy of music, thus including issues of musical ontology, épistémologie, éthique, and sociology. A specific area of focus within musical aesthetics

Gottfried Leibniz: Philosophy of Mind Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a true polymath: he made substantial contributions to a host of different fields such as mathematics, loi, physics, théologie, and most subfields of philosophy. Within the philosophy of mind, his chief innovations include his rejection of the Cartesian doctrines that all mental states are conscious and that non-human animals lack souls as well as sensation.

Philosophie américaine Le terme « philosophie américaine »,» peut-être de façon surprenante, a été quelque peu vague. Bien qu’il ait eu tendance à inclure principalement les travaux philosophiques réalisés par des Américains dans les limites géographiques des États-Unis, cela n'a pas été exclusivement le cas. Par exemple, Alfred North Whitehead est arrivé aux États-Unis relativement tard dans sa vie.. D'autre part, George Santayana a passé une grande partie de sa vie dehors

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c. 4 B.C.E.—65 C.E.) The ancient Roman philosopher Seneca was a Stoic who adopted and argued largely from within the framework he inherited from his Stoic predecessors. His Letters to Lucilius have long been widely read Stoic texts. Seneca’s texts have many aims: he writes to exhort readers to philosophy, to encourage them to continue study, to articulate his philosophical position, À