Future Contingents The riddle of the future bewilders human beings. D'un côté, we are inclined to think that future events are real in some sense, because we ask questions and make assertions about them. D'autre part, we are inclined to think that future events may depend on our choices, because we conceive of ourselves as free agents. These two inclinations seem

Marcus Aurelius (121—180 C.E.) The philosophy of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius can be found in a collection of personal writings known as the Meditations. These reflect the influence of Stoicism and, en particulier, the philosophy of Epictetus, the Stoic. The Meditations may be read as a series of practical philosophical exercises, following Epictetus’ three topics of study, designed to digest and put into practice

Rudolf Carnap: Modal Logic In two works, a paper in The Journal of Symbolic Logic in 1946 and the book Meaning and Necessity in 1947, Rudolf Carnap developed a modal predicate logic containing a necessity operator N, whose semantics depends on the claim that, where α is a formula of the language, Nα represents the proposition that α is logically necessary. Carnap’s view was that Nα should

Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov (1829—1903) Fedorov’s thoughts have been variously described as bold, culminating, curious, easily-misunderstood, extrême, hazy, idealist, naive, of-value, scientifico-magical, special, unexpected, unique, and utopian. Many of the small number of philosophers familiar with Fedorov admit his originality, his independence, his human concern, perhaps even his logic — up to a point. But his resurrection project is viewed with understandable skepticism and often dismissed

Le pragmatisme féministe Le pragmatisme féministe est une tradition philosophique, qui s'appuie sur les idées et les pratiques féministes et pragmatistes. Il s’agit fondamentalement d’élargir la pensée philosophique à travers l’activisme et l’expérience vécue., et suppose que les idées féministes et pragmatistes sont mutuellement bénéfiques pour les causes libératrices. Le pragmatisme féministe souligne la nécessité de corriger les fausses distinctions, ou dualismes, car cela aboutit généralement au dénigrement d'un opposant par