Consciousness Explaining the nature of consciousness is one of the most important and perplexing areas of philosophy, but the concept is notoriously ambiguous. The abstract noun “consciousness” is not frequently used by itself in the contemporary literature, but is originally derived from the Latin con (avec) and scire (to know). Perhaps the most commonly used contemporary notion of a conscious mental state is captured by

Fallacies A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning. The list of fallacies below contains 231 names of the most common fallacies, and it provides brief explanations and examples of each of them. Fallacious arguments should not be persuasive, but they too often are. Fallacies may be created unintentionally, or they may be created intentionally in order to deceive other people. The vast majority

Chinese Room Argument The Chinese room argument is a thought experiment of John Searle. It is one of the best known and widely credited counters to claims of artificial intelligence (AI), c'est, to claims that computers do or at least can (or someday might) pense. According to Searle’s original presentation, the argument is based on two key claims: brains cause minds and syntax doesn’t suffice

Thales of Miletus (c. 620 B.C.E.—c. 546 B.C.E.) The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristote, the major source for Thales’s philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, donc, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything,

Rudolf Carnap: Modal Logic In two works, a paper in The Journal of Symbolic Logic in 1946 and the book Meaning and Necessity in 1947, Rudolf Carnap developed a modal predicate logic containing a necessity operator N, whose semantics depends on the claim that, where α is a formula of the language, Nα represents the proposition that α is logically necessary. Carnap’s view was that Nα should

L'égalitarisme moral est la position selon laquelle l'égalité est au cœur de la justice.. Il s’agit d’une tendance importante en philosophie sociale et politique et elle est également devenue pertinente en philosophie morale. (égalitarisme moral) depuis la fin du XXe siècle. En philosophie sociale et politique, le débat se concentre principalement sur deux tendances différentes, la tendance Égalité de quoi et la tendance Pourquoi-Égalité. Les auteurs de l'ancien,