Benoît de Spinoza: Metaphysics Baruch (ou, in Latin, Benedict) de Spinoza (1632-1677) was one of the most important rationalist philosophers in the early modern period, along with Descartes, Leibniz, et Malebranche. Spinoza is also the most influential “atheist” in Europe during this period. “Atheist” at the time meant someone who rejects the traditional Biblical views concerning God and his relation to nature. In his most

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770—1843) Although J. C. F. Hölderlin has, since the beginning of the twentieth century, enjoyed the reputation of being one of Germany’s greatest poets, his recognition as an important philosophical figure is more recent. The revival of an interest in German Idealism, and the philosophical developments from Kant’s critical period to Hegel’s mature thought, have ensured that Hölderlin is given his due

Philosophie de la sexualité Parmi les nombreux sujets explorés par la philosophie de la sexualité figurent la procréation., contraception, célibat, mariage, adultère, sexe occasionnel, flirt, prostitution, homosexualité, masturbation, séduction, râpé, harcèlement sexuel, sadomasochisme, pornographie, bestialité, et la pédophilie. Qu'est-ce que toutes ces choses ont en commun? Tous sont liés de diverses manières au vaste domaine de la sexualité humaine.. C'est, ils sont liés, d'un côté, À

The Benacerraf Problem of Mathematical Truth and Knowledge Before philosophical theorizing, people tend to believe that most of the claims generally accepted in mathematics—claims like “2+3=5” and “there are infinitely many prime numbers”—are true, and that people know many of them. Even after philosophical theorizing, most people remain committed to mathematical truth and mathematical knowledge. These commitments come as a package. Those committed to mathematical

Droit épistémique Au début des années 1990, le concept de droit épistémique a suscité un intérêt croissant.. Les philosophes qui reconnaissent l'existence de droits soutiennent qu'il existe des croyances ou des jugements non étayés par des preuves dont dispose le sujet., mais que le sujet a néanmoins le droit épistémique de détenir. Certains d'entre eux peuvent inclure des croyances provenant de la perception de manière non inférentielle., mémoire, introspection, témoignage, et le un

Distributive Justice Theories of distributive justice seek to specify what is meant by a just distribution of goods among members of society. All liberal theories (in the sense specified below) may be seen as expressions of laissez-faire with compensations for factors that they consider to be morally arbitrary. Plus précisément, such theories may be interpreted as specifying that the outcome of individuals acting independently, sans