Benoît de Spinoza: Political Philosophy The body of Benedict de Spinoza’s writings on political philosophy in the 17th century should be seen as a paradigmatic species of European Enlightenment Philosophy. Spinoza rejected the teleological account of human nature and its implications to political societies in favor of rational, scientific understanding with its contractual implications. Donc, political societies to Spinoza are not natural organisms but artificial

Propositional Logic Propositional logic, also known as sentential logic and statement logic, is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences, as well as the logical relationships and properties that are derived from these methods of combining or altering statements. In propositional logic, the simplest statements are considered as

Angélique Arnauld (1591-1661) L'abbesse réformatrice du couvent de Port-Royal, Mère Angélique Arnauld a développé une philosophie augustinienne profondément influencée par le mouvement janséniste. Sa philosophie de Dieu suit la via negativa en mettant l’accent sur l’incompréhensibilité de Dieu.. Sa théorie de la vertu morale est résolument théocentrique; même des vertus naturelles comme la patience sont présentées comme des émanations de grâce. Les vertus monastiques de pauvreté et d'humilité

Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is best understood as any system of political ideas that is both thoroughly dictatorial and utopian. It is an ideal type of governing notion, and as such, it cannot be realised perfectly. Faced with the brutal reality of paradigmatic cases like Stalin’s USSR and Nazi Germany, philosophers, political theorists and social scientists have felt not just intellectually motivated but morally compelled to explain