Universals Universals are a class of mind-independent entities, généralement en contraste avec les individus (ou ce qu'on appelle des « détails »), postulé pour fonder et expliquer les relations d’identité qualitative et de ressemblance entre les individus. On dit que les individus sont semblables en raison du partage d’universaux.. Une pomme et un rubis sont tous deux rouges, par exemple, et leur rougeur commune résulte du partage d'un. If they are both red at the

Modern Morality and Ancient Ethics It is commonly supposed that there is a vital difference between ancient ethics and modern morality. Par exemple, there appears to be a vital difference between virtue ethics and the modern moralities of deontological ethics (Kantianism) et le conséquentialisme (utilitarianism). At second glance, cependant, one acknowledges that both ethical approaches have more in common than their stereotypes may suggest. Oversimplification, fallacious

Certainty The following article provides an overview of the philosophical debate surrounding certainty. It does so in light of distinctions that can be drawn between objective, psychologique, and epistemic certainty. Certainty consists of a valuable cognitive standing, which is often seen as an ideal. It is indeed natural to evaluate lesser cognitive standings, in particular beliefs and opinions, in light of one’s intuitions regarding what

José Ortega et Gasset (1883—1955) In the roughly 6,000 pages that Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset wrote on the humanities, he covered a wide variety of topics. This captures the kind of thinker he was: one who cannot be strictly categorized to any one school of philosophy. José Ortega y Gasset did not want to constrain himself to any one area of study in

Classification One of the main topics of scientific research is classification. Classification is the operation of distributing objects into classes or groups—which are, en général, less numerous than them. It has a long history that has developed during four periods: (1) Antiquity, where its lineaments may be found in the writings of Plato and Aristotle; (2) The Classical Age, with natural scientists from Linnaeus to

Philosophy of Mental Illness The Philosophy of Mental Illness is an interdisciplinary field of study that combines views and methods from the philosophy of mind, psychologie, neuroscience, and moral philosophy in order to analyze the nature of mental illness. Philosophers of mental illness are concerned with examining the ontological, épistémologique, and normative issues arising from varying conceptions of mental illness. Central questions within the philosophy