Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau fut l'un des penseurs les plus influents du siècle des Lumières en Europe au XVIIIe siècle.. Sa première œuvre philosophique majeure, Un discours sur les sciences et les arts, fut la réponse gagnante à un concours de rédaction organisé par l'Académie de Dijon en 1750. Dans ce travail, Rousseau soutient que le progrès des sciences et des arts a provoqué la corruption de

Institution Theory Institution theory is a very general mathematical study of formal logical systems—with emphasis on semantics—that is not committed to any particular concrete logical system. This is based upon a mathematical definition for the informal notion of logical system, called institution, which includes both syntax and semantics as well as the relationship between them. Because of its very high level of abstraction, this definition accommodates not only

Modal Logic: A Contemporary View Modal notions go beyond the merely true or false by embedding what we say or think in a larger conceptual space referring to what might be or might have been, should be, or should have been, or can still come to be. Modal expressions occur in a remarkably wide range across natural languages, from necessity, possibilité, and contingency to expressions

Les philosophes présocratiques sont les penseurs occidentaux précédant Socrate. (c. 469-c. 399 avant notre ère) mais y compris certains penseurs à peu près contemporains de Socrate, comme Protagoras (c. 490-c. 420 avant notre ère). L’application du terme « philosophie » aux présocratiques est quelque peu anachronique., mais c'est certainement différent de ce que beaucoup de gens pensent actuellement de la philosophie. Les présocratiques s'intéressaient à une grande variété de sujets, surtout

Liar Paradox The Liar Paradox is an argument that arrives at a contradiction by reasoning about a Liar Sentence. The Classical Liar Sentence is the self-referential sentence: This sentence is false. It leads to the same difficulties as the sentence, I am lying. Experts in the field of philosophical logic have never agreed on the way out of the trouble despite 2,300 years of attention.

Locke: Ethics The major writings of John Locke (1632–1704) are among the most important texts for understanding some of the central currents in epistemology, métaphysique, politique, religion, and pedagogy in the late 17th and early 18th century in Western Europe. His magnum opus, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) is the undeniable starting point for the study of empiricism in the early modern period. Locke’s