Knowledge Philosophy’s history of reflection upon knowledge is a history of theses and theories; but no less of questions, notions, distinctions, syntheses, and taxonomies. All of these will appear in this article. They generate, colour, and refine these philosophical theses and theories about knowledge. The results are epistemological — philosophical attempts to understand whatever is most fundamentally understandable about the nature and availability of knowledge.

Arnold Geulincx (1624—1669) Arnold (or Arnout) Geulincx was an early-modern Flemish philosopher who initially taught at Leuven (Louvain) University, but fled the Catholic Low Countries when he was fired there in 1658. He settled at Leiden, in the Protestant North, where he worked under the patronage of the Cartesian Calvinist theologian Abraham Heidanus (1597-1678), and tried to obtain a post at Leiden University. Geulincx was

Guidelines for Authors Authors should follow these guidelines before submitting their final draft. Here are some noteworthy stylistic points that are different from those in journal articles: Avoid all Latin abbreviations such as “etc.” Avoid all contractions such as “don’t.” Do not use the words “recent” or “now” since they likely will be inapplicable fifty years in the future. Do not cite forthcoming articles. Use

William James (1842—1910) William James is considered by many to be the most insightful and stimulating of American philosophers, as well as the second of the three great pragmatists (the middle link between Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey). As a professor of psychology and of philosophy at Harvard University, he became the most famous living American psychologist and later the most famous living American

Pensée américaine des Lumières Bien qu’il n’y ait pas de consensus sur la période exacte qui correspond à la pensée américaine des Lumières, on peut affirmer sans se tromper qu'il s'est produit au XVIIIe siècle parmi les penseurs de l'Amérique du Nord britannique et des premiers États-Unis et qu'il a été inspiré par les idées des Lumières britanniques et françaises.. Basé sur la métaphore de la lumière sur les ténèbres

The Value of Art Philosophical discourse concerning the value of art is a discourse concerning what makes an artwork valuable qua its being an artwork. Whereas the concern of the critic is what makes the artwork a good artwork, the question for the aesthetician is why it is a good artwork. When we refer to a work’s value qua art, we mean those elements of