Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Epistemologists concern themselves with a number of tasks, which we might sort into two categories. D'abord, we must determine the nature of knowledge; c'est, what does it mean to say that someone knows, or fails to know, quelque chose? This is a matter of understanding what knowledge is, and how to distinguish between cases in which someone knows

Benoît de Spinoza: Political Philosophy The body of Benedict de Spinoza’s writings on political philosophy in the 17th century should be seen as a paradigmatic species of European Enlightenment Philosophy. Spinoza rejected the teleological account of human nature and its implications to political societies in favor of rational, scientific understanding with its contractual implications. Donc, political societies to Spinoza are not natural organisms but artificial

Augustin: Political and Social Philosophy St. Augustin (354-430 C.E.), originally named Aurelius Augustinus, was the Catholic bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. He was a skilled Roman-trained rhetorician, a prolific writer (who produced more than 110 works over a 30-year period), and by wide acclamation, the first Christian philosopher. Writing from a unique background and vantage point as a keen observer of society before the

Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) Pierre Bayle was a seventeenth-century French skeptical philosopher and historian. He is best known for his encyclopedic work The Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697, 1st edition; 1702, 2ème édition), a work which was widely influential on eighteenth-century figures such as Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson. Bayle is traditionally described as a skeptic, though the nature and extent of his skepticism remains hotly debated.

John Rawls (1921—2002) John Rawls was arguably the most important political philosopher of the twentieth century. He wrote a series of highly influential articles in the 1950s and ’60s that helped refocus Anglo-American moral and political philosophy on substantive problems about what we ought to do. Son premier livre, A Theory of Justice [TJ] (1971), revitalized the social-contract tradition, using it to articulate and defend

Charles Sanders Peirce: Architectonic Philosophy The subject matter of architectonic is the structure of all human knowledge. The purpose of providing an architectonic scheme is to classify different types of knowledge and explain the relationships that exist between these classifications. The architectonic system of C. S. Pierce (1839-1914) divides knowledge according to it status as a “science” and then explains the interrelation of these different scientific