John Duns Scotus (1266–1308) John Duns Scotus, along with Bonaventure, d'Aquin, and Ockham, is one of the four great philosophers of High Scholasticism. His work is encyclopedic in scope, yet so detailed and nuanced that he earned the epithet “Subtle Doctor,” and no less a thinker than Ockham would praise his judgment as excelling all others in its subtlety. In opposition to the prevailing thought

g. E. M. Anscombe (1919-2001) Elizabeth Anscombe, ou Miss Anscombe comme on l'appelait, était une philosophe importante du XXe siècle et l'une des femmes philosophes les plus importantes de tous les temps. Un catholique engagé, et traducteur de certaines des œuvres les plus importantes de Ludwig Wittgenstein, elle était une penseuse influente et originale dans la tradition catholique et la manière wittgensteinienne. Même si elle a travaillé dans presque tous les

Jean-François Lyotard (1924—1998) French post-structuralist philosopher, best known for his highly influential formulation of postmodernism in The Postmodern Condition. Despite its popularity, cependant, this book is in fact one of his more minor works. Lyotard’s writings cover a large range of topics in philosophy, politics, et esthétique, and experiment with a wide variety of styles. His works can be roughly divided into three categories: tôt

George Orwell (1903—1950) Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell, was a British essayist, journalist, and novelist. Orwell is most famous for his dystopian works of fiction, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, but many of his essays and other books have remained popular as well. His body of work provides one of the twentieth century’s most trenchant and widely recognized critiques

Mencius (c. 372-289 avant notre ère) Mieux connu en Chine sous le nom de « Maître Meng » (Chinois: Mengzi), Mencius était un penseur chinois du IVe siècle avant notre ère dont l'importance dans la tradition confucéenne est juste derrière celle de Confucius lui-même.. À bien des égards, il a joué le rôle de St. Paul à Jésus de Confucius, interpréter la pensée du maître pour les époques ultérieures tout en impressionnant simultanément les idées de Confucius avec sa propre philosophie.

The Safety Condition for Knowledge A number of epistemologists have defended a necessary condition for knowledge that has come to be labeled as the “safety” condition. Timothy Williamson, Duncan Pritchard, and Ernest Sosa are the foremost defenders of safety. According to these authors an agent S knows a true proposition P only if S could not easily have falsely believed P. Disagreement arises, cependant, avec