Virtue Epistemology Virtue epistemology is a collection of recent approaches to epistemology that give epistemic or intellectual virtue concepts an important and fundamental role. Virtue epistemologists can be divided into two groups, each accepting a different conception of what an intellectual virtue is. Virtue reliabilists conceive of intellectual virtues as stable, reliable and truth-conducive cognitive faculties or powers and cite vision, introspection, mémoire, et le

Personalism Personalism is any philosophy that considers personality the supreme value and the key to the measuring of reality. Its American form took root in the late nineteenth century, flowered in the twentieth century, and continues its life in the twenty-first century. Encore, those roots can be traced to Europe and back through Western philosophy to the Mediterranean basin. Toutefois, Personalism did not originate exclusively in

Certitude L'article suivant donne un aperçu du débat philosophique autour de la certitude. Il le fait à la lumière des distinctions qui peuvent être établies entre les objectifs, psychologique, et certitude épistémique. La certitude consiste en un statut cognitif précieux, qui est souvent considéré comme un idéal. Il est en effet naturel d’évaluer des niveaux cognitifs inférieurs, en particulier les croyances et opinions, à la lumière de nos intuitions sur ce que

David Hume: Imagination David Hume (1711–1776) approaches questions in epistemology, métaphysique, ethics and aesthetics via questions about our minds. Par exemple, before addressing the epistemological question of whether we have any justification for our beliefs about unobserved states of affairs, Hume asks which of our cognitive faculties is responsible for these beliefs. Before addressing the metaphysical question, What is causal necessity (or necessary connexion)? , il

Nihilism Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence. A true nihilist would believe in nothing, have no loyalties, and no purpose other than, peut-être, an impulse to destroy. While few philosophers would claim to be nihilists, nihilism is most often associated

Philosophy of Dreaming According to Owen Flanagan (2000), there are four major philosophical questions about dreaming: 1. How can I be sure I am not always dreaming? 2. Can I be immoral in dreams? 3. Are dreams conscious experiences that occur during sleep? 4. Does dreaming have an evolutionary function? These interrelated questions cover philosophical domains as diverse as metaphysics, épistémologie, éthique, scientific methodology, et