Platon: Organicism Organicism is the position that the universe is orderly and alive, much like an organism. According to Plato, the Demiurge creates a living and intelligent universe because life is better than non-life and intelligent life is better than mere life. It is the perfect animal. In contrast with the Darwinian view that the emergence of life and mind are accidents of evolution, the Timaeus

Antisthenes (c. 446—366 B.C.E.) Known in antiquity as an accomplished orator, a companion of Socrates, and a philosopher, Antisthenes presently gains renown from his status as either a founder or a forerunner of Cynicism. He was the teacher to Diogenes of Sinope, and he is regarded by Diogenes Laertius as the first Cynic philosopher. He is credited with the authorship of over sixty titles, appears

Jane Addams (1860-1935) Jane Addams était une activiste et une écrivaine prolifique dans la tradition pragmatiste américaine qui est devenue une leader du progressisme reconnue à l'échelle nationale aux États-Unis ainsi qu'une défenseure de la paix de renommée internationale.. Addams est principalement reconnu pour avoir fondé l'accord social de Chicago, Hull-Maison, qui est devenu le fleuron du mouvement de colonisation. Hull-House a fourni à Addams une communauté intellectuelle de soutien et

Thomas d'Aquin: Moral Philosophy The moral philosophy of St. Thomas d'Aquin (1225-1274) involves a merger of at least two apparently disparate traditions: Aristotelian eudaimonism and Christian theology. D'un côté, Aquinas follows Aristotle in thinking that an act is good or bad depending on whether it contributes to or deters us from our proper human end—the telos or final goal at which all human actions aim.

Reductionism Reductionists are those who take one theory or phenomenon to be reducible to some other theory or phenomenon. Par exemple, a reductionist regarding mathematics might take any given mathematical theory to be reducible to logic or set theory. Ou, a reductionist about biological entities like cells might take such entities to be reducible to collections of physico-chemical entities like atoms and molecules. The type

Georges Orwell (1903-1950) Éric Arthur Blair, mieux connu sous son pseudonyme George Orwell, était un essayiste britannique, journaliste, et romancier. Orwell est surtout connu pour ses œuvres de fiction dystopiques, Ferme des animaux et 1984, mais nombre de ses essais et autres livres sont également restés populaires. Son œuvre constitue l’une des critiques les plus incisives et largement reconnues du XXe siècle.