Karl Rahner (1904-1984) Karl Rahner was one of the most influential Catholic philosophers of the mid to late twentieth century. A member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and a Roman Catholic priest, Rahner, as was the custom of the time, studied scholastic philosophy, through which he discovered Thomas Aquinas. From Aquinas’ epistemology and philosophical psychology Rahner was introduced to the Aristotelian-Thomistic notion of abstraction.

Epsilon Calculi Epsilon Calculi are extended forms of the predicate calculus that incorporate epsilon terms. Les termes Epsilon sont des termes individuels de la forme « εxFx », étant défini pour tous les prédicats du langage. Le terme epsilon « εxFx » désigne un F choisi, s'il y a des F, et a une référence arbitraire sinon. Les calculs d'Epsilon ont été développés à l'origine pour étudier certaines formes d'arithmétique., et la théorie des ensembles;

Socialism Socialism is both an economic system and an ideology (in the non-pejorative sense of that term). A socialist economy features social rather than private ownership of the means of production. It also typically organizes economic activity through planning rather than market forces, and gears production towards needs satisfaction rather than profit accumulation. Socialist ideology asserts the moral and economic superiority of an economy with

Al-Shahrastānī (d. 1153 C.E.) Al-Shahrastānī (d. A.H. 548 / C.E. 1153) was an influential historian of religions and a heresiographer. He was one of the pioneers in developing a scientific approach to the study of religions. Al-Shahrastānī’ distinguished himself by his desire to describe in the most objective way the universal religious history of humanity. He was wrongly recognized as an “Ash‘arite” theologian; this is why

Thales of Miletus (c. 620 B.C.E.—c. 546 B.C.E.) The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristote, the major source for Thales’s philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, donc, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything,

Dialogical Logic Dialogical logic is an approach to logic in which the meaning of the logical constants (connecteurs et quantificateurs) et la notion de validité sont expliquées en termes de théorie des jeux. La signification de chaque constante logique (comme « et », "ou", "implique", "pas", "chaque", et ainsi de suite) est donné en termes de la manière dont les assertions contenant ces constantes logiques peuvent être attaquées et défendues dans un dialogue contradictoire. Dialogues are described as two-player