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Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775—1854) F. O. J. von Schelling is one of the great German philosophers of the late 18th and early 19th Century. Some historians and scholars of philosophy have classified him as a German Idealist, along with J. g. Fichte and G. O. F. Hegel. Such classifications obscure rather than illuminate the importance and singularity of Schelling’s place in the history
Nihilism Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence. A true nihilist would believe in nothing, have no loyalties, and no purpose other than, peut-être, an impulse to destroy. While few philosophers would claim to be nihilists, nihilism is most often associated
Intentionality If I think about a piano, something in my thought picks out a piano. If I talk about cigars, something in my speech refers to cigars. This feature of thoughts and words, whereby they pick out, refer to, or are about things, is intentionality. In a word, intentionality is aboutness. Many mental states exhibit intentionality. If I believe that the weather is rainy today,
Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism is the thesis that we are always deep down motivated by what we perceive to be in our own self-interest.Psychological altruism, d'autre part, is the view that sometimes we can have ultimately altruistic motives. Suppose, par exemple, that Pam saves Jim from a burning office building. What ultimately motivated her to do this? It would be odd to suggest
La réduction phénoménologique Il existe une expérience dans laquelle il nous est possible de venir au monde sans connaissances ni idées préconçues en main.; c'est l'expérience de l'étonnement. Le « savoir » que nous avons dans cette expérience contraste fortement avec le « savoir » que nous avons dans notre vie quotidienne., où nous venons au monde avec la théorie et la « connaissance » en main, notre
Evolutionary Epistemology Evolutionary Epistemology (EE) is a naturalistic approach to epistemology and so is part of philosophy of science. Other naturalistic approaches include sociological, historical and anthropological explanations of knowledge. What makes EE specific is that it subscribes to the idea that cognition is to be understood primarily as a product of biological evolution. What does this mean exactly? Biological evolution is regarded as the