John Rawls (1921—2002) John Rawls was arguably the most important political philosopher of the twentieth century. He wrote a series of highly influential articles in the 1950s and ’60s that helped refocus Anglo-American moral and political philosophy on substantive problems about what we ought to do. Son premier livre, Une théorie de la justice [TJ] (1971), revitalized the social-contract tradition, using it to articulate and defend

Théories des rôles causals de l'explication fonctionnelle Les explications fonctionnelles sont un type d'explication proposé dans les sciences naturelles et sociales.. En donnant ces explications, les chercheurs font appel aux fonctions qu’une structure ou un système a. Par exemple, un biologiste pourrait dire, "Le rein a pour fonction d'éliminer les déchets de la circulation sanguine." Ou un sociologue pourrait dire, « Le but de la monogamie est de préserver la

Hippocrates (c. 450—c. 380 B.C.E.) Hippocrates of Cos was said to have lived sometime between 450 BCE to 380 BCE. He was a physician, and the writings of the Corpus Hippocraticum provide a wealth of information on biomedical methodology and offer one of the first reflective codes of professional ethics. Though Plato (a contemporary) makes reference to Hippocrates (Phaedrus 270a and elsewhere), it is generally

Metaphysics of Science Metaphysics of Science is the philosophical study of key concepts that figure prominently in science and that, prima facie, stand in need of clarification. It is also concerned with the phenomena that correspond to these concepts. Exemplary topics within Metaphysics of Science include laws of nature, causalité, dispositions, natural kinds, possibility and necessity, explication, reduction, émergence, grounding, and space and time. Métaphysique

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Charles Darwin is primarily known as the architect of the theory of evolution by natural selection. With the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, he advanced a view of the development of life on earth that profoundly shaped nearly all biological and much philosophical thought which followed. A number of prior authors had proposed that species were not static

Alfred Schutz (1899-1959) Alfred Schutz a philosophe sur les sciences sociales au sens large du mot. Il était profondément respectueux de la pratique scientifique réelle, et a produit une classification des sciences; postulats méthodologiques explicites pour la science empirique en général et les sciences sociales en particulier; et clarifié les concepts de base pour la sociologie interprétative en particulier. Son travail montre comment la philosophie des sciences culturelles peut être réalisée