Benoît de Spinoza: Political Philosophy The body of Benedict de Spinoza’s writings on political philosophy in the 17th century should be seen as a paradigmatic species of European Enlightenment Philosophy. Spinoza rejected the teleological account of human nature and its implications to political societies in favor of rational, scientific understanding with its contractual implications. Donc, political societies to Spinoza are not natural organisms but artificial

Divine Simplicity Divine simplicity is central to the classical Western concept of God. Simplicity denies any physical or metaphysical composition in the divine being. This means God is the divine nature itself and has no accidents (properties that are not necessary) accruing to his nature. There are no real divisions or distinctions in this nature. Ainsi, the entirety of God is whatever is attributed to him.

Wittgenstein: Epistemology Although Ludwig Wittgenstein is generally more known for his works on logic and on the nature of language, but throughout his philosophical journey he reflected extensively also on epistemic notions such as knowledge, croyance, doute, and certainty. This interest is more evident in his final notebook, published posthumously as On Certainty (1969, henceforth OC), where he offers a sustained and, du moins apparemment,

Seng Zhao (Seng-Chao c. 378-413 de notre ère) Seng Zhao (Seng Chao) était un moine bouddhiste qui a vécu pendant la « période de désunion » de la Chine entre la stabilité des dynasties Han et Tang.. Son Zhaolun (Traités de [Seng]Zhao) est peut-être le texte le plus significatif pour l'étude des premiers Mādhyamika (« moyen-iste ») ou Sanlun (« Trois-Traités ») Le bouddhisme en Chine. Son travail est peut-être la seule compilation complète des premiers traités chinois Mādhyamika disponibles.,

Berlin Circle The Berlin Circle was a group of philosophers and scientists who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s. Among its other members, were K. Grelling, C. g. Hempel, D. Hilbert, R. von Mises. The Berlin Circle’s name was Die Gesellschaft für Empirische Philosophie (Society for Empirical Philosophy). It joined up with the Vienna Circle; together they published the journal Erkenntnis that was edited

Poincaré’s Philosophy of Mathematics Jules Henri Poincaré was an important French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century who was especially known for his conventionalist philosophy. Most of his publishing was in analysis, topology, probability, mechanics and mathematical physics. His overall philosophy of mathematics is Kantian because he believes that intuition provides a foundation for all of mathematics, including geometry.