Martin Luther (1483-1546) théologien allemand, professeur, pasteur, et réformateur de l'Église. Luther a commencé la Réforme protestante avec la publication de ses quatre-vingt-quinze thèses le 31 octobre., 1517. Dans cette publication, il s’en est pris à la vente des indulgences par l’Église. Il prônait une théologie fondée sur l’activité gracieuse de Dieu en Jésus-Christ., plutôt que dans les œuvres humaines. Nearly all Protestants trace their history back to Luther in one

Cognitive Penetrability of Perception and Epistemic Justification Perceptual experience is one of our fundamental sources of epistemic justification—roughly, justification for believing that a proposition is true. The ability of perceptual experience to justify beliefs can nevertheless be questioned. This article focuses on an important challenge that arises from countenancing that perceptual experience is cognitively penetrable. The thesis of cognitive penetrability of perception states that the

Supervenience and Determination The term “supervenience” gained prominence in the twentieth century when it was suggested that moral properties supervene on natural properties and that our mental characteristics supervene on our physical characteristics such as the properties of our nervous system. Le terme peut être défini comme suit. Pour deux ensembles de propriétés, UN (l'ensemble suivant) et B (l'ensemble subvenient ou la base de survenance),

Moral Relativism Moral relativism is the view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint (par exemple, that of a culture or a historical period) and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others. It has often been associated with other claims about morality: notably, the thesis that different cultures often exhibit radically different moral values; the denial that

Dynamic Epistemic Logic This article tells the story of the rise of dynamic epistemic logic. The rise began in the 1960s with the creation and development of epistemic logic, the logic of knowledge, Then in the late 1980s came dynamic epistemic logic, the logic of change of knowledge. Much of it was motivated by puzzles and paradoxes. The number of active researchers in these logics

Hans Reichenbach (1891—1953) Hans Reichenbach was a leading philosopher of science, a founder of the Berlin circle, and a proponent of logical positivism (also known as neopositivism or logical empiricism). He is known for his philosophical investigations of Einstein’s theory of relativity, mécanique quantique, la théorie des probabilités, the nature of space and time, the character of physical laws, and conventionalism in physical science. Il était