Punishment Punishment involves the deliberate infliction of suffering on a supposed or actual offender for an offense such as a moral or legal transgression. Since punishment involves inflicting a pain or deprivation similar to that which the perpetrator of a crime inflicts on his victim, it has generally been agreed that punishment requires moral as well as legal and political justification. While philosophers almost all

Carl Gustav Hempel (1905—1997) Carl Hempel, a German-born philosopher who immigrated to the United States, was one of the prominent philosophers of science in the twentieth century. His paradox of the ravens—as an illustration of the paradoxes of confirmation—has been a constant challenge for theories of confirmation. Together with Paul Oppenheim, he proposed a quantitative account of degrees of confirmation of hypotheses by evidence. His

David Hume: Imagination David Hume (1711–1776) approaches questions in epistemology, métaphysique, ethics and aesthetics via questions about our minds. Par exemple, before addressing the epistemological question of whether we have any justification for our beliefs about unobserved states of affairs, Hume asks which of our cognitive faculties is responsible for these beliefs. Before addressing the metaphysical question, What is causal necessity (or necessary connexion)? , il

Philosophie de la religion La philosophie de la religion est l'étude philosophique du sens et de la nature de la religion.. Il comprend les analyses de concepts religieux, croyances, termes, arguments, et pratiques des adeptes de la religion. La portée d'une grande partie des travaux réalisés en philosophie de la religion a été limitée aux diverses religions théistes.. Les travaux plus récents impliquent souvent une approche plus large, approche plus globale, en tenant compte

Marcus Aurelius (121—180 C.E.) The philosophy of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius can be found in a collection of personal writings known as the Meditations. These reflect the influence of Stoicism and, en particulier, the philosophy of Epictetus, the Stoic. The Meditations may be read as a series of practical philosophical exercises, following Epictetus’ three topics of study, designed to digest and put into practice

Inconsistent Mathematics Inconsistent mathematics is the study of commonplace mathematical objects, comme des ensembles, Nombres, et fonctions, où certaines contradictions sont permises. Des outils issus de la logique formelle sont utilisés pour garantir que toutes les contradictions sont contenues et que les théories globales restent cohérentes.. Inconsistent mathematics began as a response to the set theoretic and semantic paradoxes such as Russell’s Paradox and the Liar Paradox—the response being that