Patterns of Allophony

Patterns of Allophony

Auteur: William S. Annis

Date MS: 06-20-2019

Date FL: 04-01-2015

Numéro FL: FL-00002B-01

Citation: Annis, William S. 2019. “Patterns of Allophony.

FL-00002B-01, Fiat Lingua, . la toile. 01 Apr. 2015.

droits d'auteur: © 2015 William S. Annis. Ce travail est sous licence

sous une attribution Creative Commons-
Non Commercial-Pas de Dérivés 3.0 Licence non transférée.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Patterns of Allophony

William S. Annis

June 20, 2019

This is a small collection of common allophones taken from the PBase database1, presented
as graphs. In making these graphs I have focused on selecting patterns that occur more than
once, or which are part of a larger pattern that occurs more than once. Par exemple, in some
languages /l/ will present as [d] after nasals. In fewer languages both /r/ and /l/ will do this, donc
I include them both. I have tried to leave out one-off exotica, but one or two might have slipped
through if they struck me as especially interesting.

I have omitted certain very common changes. Par exemple, voicing assimilation of any kind
is left out for consonant clusters, and do I not include either nasal assimilation or word-final
devoicing.
I have also left out all patterns of deletion, which are also largely predictable (comme
codas, word-finally, etc.).

Reading the Graphs

Arrows indicate the direction of change. The environment in which the change occurs is indi-
cated by the grey text to the right of the line. Ainsi, in the selection below, note that /t/ becomes [je]
before /p/, /t/, and /k/, but becomes the glottal stop [ʔ] word finally.

The environments are given in fairly standard notation: C is a consonant, V a vowel, N any nasal
consonne, # is a word boundary, and the underline represents the sound itself. Curly braces
enclose a set of phonemes. Ainsi, the notation _# marks a change that occurs at the end of a word,
_{w,j}V marks a change that occurs when the sound is followed by either /w/ or /j/ and then a
voyelle, and #_{J’ai,e} marks a change that happens at the start of a word and followed by either /i/
or /e/.

1(cid:63)(cid:105)(cid:105)(cid:84)(cid:44)(cid:102)(cid:102)(cid:84)(cid:35)(cid:28)(cid:98)(cid:50)(cid:88)(cid:35)(cid:96)(cid:81)(cid:63)(cid:28)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:43)(cid:28)(cid:102)(cid:91)(cid:109)(cid:50)(cid:96)(cid:118)

1

_{h, ʔ}tu

_i,
e{h, ʔ}_

_{w,j}{J’ai,tu}

J’ai

������

À

_{k,g,le,w},
{k,g,le,w}_

_N

æ

_#,
_{j,h,ʔ},
_j

aʔ_

_N

{tʃ,z}_,
_w

_{k,X,l,le},
_r{t,d,s}

_jV,
_{m,est},
_C#,
_a

{e,o}

_{p,f,m}

_N

{tʃ,ʃ,j}_

{k, w}_{k, w},
_r,
_N,
C_C,
_CC,
_C#

_{l,le},
_CC,
_C#

_{w,j,h},
_{ʒ},
_#

e

V_V

w_, _w,
_t{o,tu}

aʔ_

w_{b,g,m,ŋ,w},
{k,w}_{k,w},
w_C

e

_jV

j

{tʃ,ʃ}_

C_C

{ʃ,ʒ}_

_jV,
_{m,est},
_a,
_C#

{k, w}_{k, w},
_j,
{e,o},
_#

ə

ɪ

{ʔ,h}_,
_{ʔ,h}

ɨ

_{h,m,w},
_{ʔ,w},
{p,f,m,w}_{p,f,m,w},
_{p,f,m}

_{b,m,le}

tu

_r,
_N,
C_C,
_C#,
_{w, }

ʊ

_V

_#

_t{o,tu}

_t{o,tu}

_V

_Xa

ɑ

o

_V

_N

_CC,
_C#

_{t,s,est},
_CC,
_#

w

ɔ

p

_N,
N_,
V_V

_{p,t,k}

_N

V_V

f

b

V_V

_{p,t,k}

_#

_{o,tu}

_N,
_#

β

m

v

ʔm

ɸ

w

_{o,tu},
V_V

_{tu,o,ɔ}

_{tu,o,ɔ},
V_V,
_#

��������������������

k

V_V,
_{p,t,k}

_{J’ai,e},
{J’ai,e}_

{À,o}_,
{À,ɔ}_{À,ɔ},
_{À,ɔ}

X

q

V_V

V_V

_#

_N,
N_,
V_V

_#

_{tu,o,ɔ},
{o,tu}_V

_#

ɢ

h

ɴ

_#

c

t

ts

{J’ai,e}_V

_#

_{J’ai,e},
{J’ai,e}_

g

_#

ʔ

_#

_{p,t,k}

_N,
N_,
V_V

je

_N

V_V,
_{w,j}

d

V_V,
N_,
_N

dz

_{J’ai,j}

_{J’ai,j}

_{J’ai,e}

V_V

{J’ai,e}_V

z

_{tu,o,ɔ},
{o,tu}_V,
#_

ŋ

_#

_{J’ai,e}

V_V,
_{p,t,k},
_{d,z,est,l,le,j}

_#

_C,
_#

ɟ

_#

s

ɣ

{J’ai,e}_V

a_V

est

_#,
#_,
_{J’ai,tu}

j

_N,
_#

ɾ

V_V

_{p,t,k}

_#

_t,
_{J’ai,tu}

_{J’ai,j}

_{J’ai,e}

V_V

_{J’ai,e}

_t,
_C

_N,
V_V,
_{b,d,g}

ð

ʔn

_t

_{d,dz,g}

ʃ

_t

V_V

V_V

_t

_{J’ai,e}

s

ʒ

f

_{o,tu}

_{o,tu}

N_,
_{s,z,ʃ,ʒ}

ɸ

_{t,est}

h

����������

ð

N_

_{s,z,ʃ,ʒ}

v

pf

d

N_,
#_{o,tu}

_{t,est}

_{p,t,k,ʔ},
_{J’ai,tu},
{J’ai,tu}_

_s,
_{k,t,p},
N_

_{o,tu}

_n

p

je

est

s

m_,
_{s,z,ʃ,ʒ}

β

V_a

_m

z

ɣ

V_V

_{s,z,ʃ,ʒ}

_{s,z}

_{J’ai,e},
_k{J’ai,j},
_{tʃ,,ʃ,ʒ}

N_,
{p,t,k,w,ɾ}

ɦ

t

_w

ʃ

ts

_s

ʔ

_w

N_

V_V

_{J’ai,e},
i_V

N_

V_V,
_{o,tu}

_n,
n_

_{J’ai,e},
_{tʃ,,ʃ,ʒ}

_{tu,o,ɔ}

_{J’ai,e,j}

N_,
_{s,z,ʃ,ʒ}

b

w

m

V_a

ʒ

g

_{J’ai,e,e}

X

j

_{s,z,ʃ,ʒ}

k

ŋ

_{w,j}V

#_u

���������

m

_i

�g

w

l

_{tu,o,À},
_{w,j}

le

#_{J’ai,e,}
_{J’ai,tu}

_V[+nasal],
_n

_i

V_V

_{w,j}V

_{c,ɟ,s,j},
_{J’ai,e}

n_

N_,
#_{J’ai,e}

_{o,ɔ,tu}

V_{o,tu}

{t,f,s}_

V_V

_#,
_{J’ai,e}

p_

m_

V_V

b_

_w

_{t,d,s,ʃ,z,ʒ,l,est}

V_V

_{t,ts,s,le},#_{J’ai,e,À},
_n

N_,

�b

_{c,ɟ,s,j}

b

{b,d,v}_,
N_

j

k

ɣʷ

β

{J’ai,tu,À}_{J’ai,tu,À},
_#

X

p

v

_C,
_{w,j}

ɣ

_{k,}

ɾ

N_,

est

_V[+nasal]

#_{ɨ,ə,À},
_N

_{w,j}

s

g

ʃ

N_,
_N

n_

{J’ai,tu,À}_{J’ai,tu,À},
_#,
V_i

z

ʔ

_{p,t,k,s,h,ɾ,w}

n_

_{w,j}V

h

d

ⁿdPatterns of Allophony image
Patterns of Allophony image

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