Concevoir un langage artificiel: Metaphor
Auteur: Rick Morneau
Date MS: 07-15-1994
Date FL: 04-01-2022
Numéro FL: FL-00007F-00
Citation: Morneau, Rick. 1994. “Designing an Artificial
Langue: Metaphor” FL-00007F-00, Fiat
Lingua,
2022.
droits d'auteur: © 1994 Rick Morneau. Ce travail est sous licence
sous une attribution Creative Commons-
Non Commercial-Pas de Dérivés 3.0 Licence non transférée.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Fiat Lingua est produit et maintenu par la Language Creation Society (LCS). Pour plus d'informations
à propos du LCS, visitez http://www.conlang.org/
Designing an Artificial Language:
Metaphor
by Rick Morneau
Juin, 1993
Revised July 15, 1994
Copyright © 1993, 1994 by Richard A. Morneau,
all rights reserved.
[The following essay is a heavily edited compilation of
several posts I made to the Conlang mailing list in June
1993. The Conlang list is dedicated to the discussion of
the construction of artificial languages. To subscribe,
send an email message with the single line:
SUBSCRIBE CONLANG your name
to [email protected] .]
I love metaphors! They’re such interesting food for thought and serious discussion. Among some
aficionados of artificial languages (henceforth ALs), metaphors may have even achieved the
status of sacred cows. Bien, you know what they say: sacred cows make the best hamburger!
The problem is that some people feel that the use of metaphor in ALs is unavoidable. I disagree.
En fait, I feel that the use of metaphor in ALs should be avoided at all cost.
As native speakers of a language, we use metaphor without effort, mostly because the metaphors
are in common use: “prices rise, soar, plummet, nosedive”, “the work is uphill, downhill or at a
standstill”, many people “drown their sorrows” and end up “in tears”, etc.. The simple fact is that
we always know when we use metaphor creatively. It’s when we repeat commonly used
metaphors that we are not aware that we are using them. In this respect the metaphorophiles are
Oui – it is extremely difficult (if not impossible) to stop using metaphor in your native
langue.
When you study a new language, cependant, one of the first things you learn is that the new
language uses words differently, and that you can’t translate things so literally. You quickly
1
develop a knack for knowing when you can translate literally and when you cannot. This process
is natural, and happens without conscious effort on the part of the student. The same will happen
when you study an AL, if the AL is designed and taught properly.
When you start learning a new language, you quickly learn to avoid use of metaphor, et
primarily limit yourself to literal language. As you develop proficiency in the language, you learn
which metaphors are allowed, and you learn about the system of rules that govern their use. Ce
is difficult and takes a lot of time and practice.
Ainsi, there is a two step process in learning a new language. D'abord, you learn to avoid the use of
metaphor altogether. Deuxième, you slowly learn how to use metaphor in the new language.
In learning an AL, you must stop after the first step. You do not make the transition from literal
language to metaphor, since an AL will not have a metaphoric system. If anything, you learn how
to avoid metaphor even more.
Autrement dit, when you study a natural language, you must learn which metaphors are
allowable. When you study an AL, you must learn to not use metaphor at all, which is much
easier.
As for the pointlessness of trying to avoid metaphor, think again. If you use metaphor in your
AL, and if you have an international audience, then many of your listeners/readers will
misunderstand you.
Consider simple examples like “he’s as big as a mountain”, ou “he’s as tall as a tree”, ou “he barks
like a dog”. I doubt if anyone will have a problem with these metaphors, since the concepts are
simple and involve easily visualized and well-understood physical entities.
But what about a metaphor involving a “sapling”? Does the metaphor imply “wiry strength”,
“suppleness and adroitness” ou “bendability and flexibility”? Different people will interpret it
differently, depending on their world-view.
Even “obvious” physical metaphors won’t always translate. How about “the ships plowed
through the waves”? Are you saying that the ships moved easily, quickly and smoothly? Or are
you saying that the ships moved slowly, with great difficulty, and with lots of shaking and
rocking, like a real plow?
Professional translators are very much aware that metaphor almost never translates. Sometimes it
simply sounds like gibberish. À d'autres moments, the metaphor is completely misunderstood. If you
have any doubts about this, then spend a little time at a library and look up some books on the
2
theory and practice of translation. You’ll get an eyeful! (An eyeful of what? Will you be blinded
by the light? Will bugs or dirt get in your eyes? Will your eyes get sore from the strain? Go and
find out for yourself! 🙂
Here’s one book that I highly recommend:
Meaning-Based Translation: a guide to cross-language
equivalence by Mildred L. Larson, University Press of
America, 1984 ISBN 0-8191-4300-6
There are many other books on this subject, but this is the most comprehensive and easiest-to-
read that I know of.
The book has a chapter on metaphor, and discusses the difficulties involved in translating them
from one language to another. By the way, Larson speaks of “simile” (sometimes called
“analogy”) as a form of metaphor. Among linguists, le mot “simile” is subsumed under
“metaphor”. Autrement dit, a simile is one of several types of metaphor.
Larson gives several examples of how metaphor (including simile) are misunderstood depending
on the natural language of the listener. Par exemple, if you literally translate “John is a rock” dans
another language, you could be saying that he doesn’t move, that he can’t talk, that he’s always
là, or that he’s very strong. If you say “John is like a sheep”, you could mean that he has long
cheveux, that he is a drunkard, that he doesn’t answer back, that he follows without thinking, or that
he’s a young fellow waiting for girls to follow him(!). The interpretation will depend on the
language spoken by the listener, and the interpretations given above are the ones that Larson is
familiar with for those two metaphors. If you were to search through all of the world’s languages,
you’d find many more interpretations for metaphors using “rock” et “mouton”.
When you create metaphors that are not as obvious (calling John a “mouton” or a “rock” is a pretty
obvious metaphor, even though the meaning may be misunderstood), the problem gets even
pire, and literal translations are even more likely to be misunderstood or not understood at all.
A sentence on page 250 sums up the whole problem:
“Not all metaphors and similes are easily understood. Si
they are translated literally, word-for-word, into a second
langue, they will often be completely misunderstood.”
Keep in mind that this is when you translate from one natural language into ONE other language.
When you are speaking/writing in a AL intended for use as an International Auxiliary Language
(henceforth IAL), your audience is likely to consist of people who speak many languages. Dans
3
effet, you will be translating into all of those languages, and it is extremely unlikely that your
metaphor will be understood by all listeners/readers.
Ainsi, when I say that metaphor should be avoided in IALs, even so-called “transparent” métaphores
using prepositions, I’m not kidding. Aussi, you cannot depend on your intuitions to tell you that a
particular metaphor is “naturel” ou “universel”. What may seem universal to a Frenchman may be
gibberish to a Korean.
If you don’t believe me, or if you feel that I’m exaggerating the problem, go to a library and dig
up some books on translation theory. You will quickly learn that you cannot have
an international language and use it to literally translate metaphors from a natural language.
Sorry, but that’s life, and I don’t like it either. 🙁
Enfin, if you are designing an AL for use as an IAL, then you’d better make sure that it’s
vocabulary is rich enough (and easy enough to learn!) to deal literally with all aspects of
communication. If you allow people to import metaphoric usages from natural languages, tu vas
just end up with a lot of confusion.
[Several days after I posted the above, I posted the following addendum.]
Question: Can metaphor be translated? Le cas échéant, how is it done?
Bien, as it turns out, you can translate metaphor, but you have to be careful that you do it right.
And if you do it right, you can also use metaphor in an IAL, although it may not be easy, et le
result may not be as concise as you’d like.
There are basically five ways to translate a metaphor. I will illustrate them below with the
following sample sentence:
The ship plowed through the waves.
1. Translate the metaphor exactly, word-for-word. This will work only if the metaphor makes
sense in the target language. For an IAL, this situation will almost never occur
unless every listener has the same native language as the speaker.
2. Re-phrase the metaphor as a simile. This helps some of the time, but only in languages where
metaphor is rarely or never used. (I remember reading once about a pidgin language spoken
somewhere in the South Pacific, in which the speakers never use metaphor (Non – I don’t have
references, so don’t ask). Even worse, these islanders refuse to believe anything even slightly
metaphoric. Si c'est vrai, then my guess is that the mother languages of the people among
4
whom the pidgin developed were so different that metaphor from one language almost always
sounded like gibberish to speakers of the other mother languages. Par conséquent, they quickly
learned never to use metaphor at all. And although this may be an isolated (exaggerated? hokey?
untrue?) cas, translators are well aware that some languages use metaphor more heavily than
autres. How much they can differ is unknown, and I doubt if anyone has ever done a cross-
linguistic study.)
Ainsi, translating the sample metaphor in the form of a simile would give us something like:
The ship moved through the waves like a plow.
You don’t gain much here, except for those target languages in which metaphor is more explicitly
marked. The basic metaphor, cependant, must still exist in the target language. Encore, this is not a
solution for IALs.
3. Translate the metaphor into an equivalent metaphor in the target language. Par exemple, dans
target language X, you may be better understood if you rephrase the example as “The ship
ravaged through the waves” ou “The ship pushed through the waves like a battering ram”. Encore
mais, this will not work for an IAL, unless all of your listeners are native speakers of language
X.
4. Translate the metaphor using literal language. Ce, bien sûr, gets the point across, mais
destroys the imagery of the metaphor. Dans ce cas, our example might look something like “Le
ship moved through the waves slowly, powerfully and with difficulty”. (That’s sort of what this
metaphor means to me – your mileage may vary.) This approach will always work, even for
IALs.
5. Use the metaphor, but provide all necessary referents so that any listener will understand it. Dans
effet, you must explain the metaphor to those who might not understand it. Dans ce cas, notre
example could sound something like “The ship moved through the waves, slowly and
powerfully, like a plow being pulled through the hard earth”. This approach will also work with
IALs, but is more difficult and more verbose. (You also take the risk of sounding like a pompous
idiot, especially if all you want to say is “Please pass the salt”. 🙂
Anyway, perhaps there’s hope for you metaphorophiles after all. You’ll just have to work a little
harder at it.
[Postscript: In spite of all of the above, there may yet be another way that metaphor can work
properly when used in an IAL. It can work if the metaphoric system of the AL
is precisely defined. En effet, you must provide a “syntax and semantics” for the metaphors of
5
your language in which you will precisely define how metaphors can be created and how they
should be interpreted. Toutefois, since a comprehensive analysis of the metaphoric system of
a natural language has never been done (to my knowledge), I doubt if providing such a system
for an AL is technically feasible.]
End of essay
6
