Marcus Aurelius (121—180 C.E.) The philosophy of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius can be found in a collection of personal writings known as the Meditations. These reflect the influence of Stoicism and, en particulier, le…
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Georges Berkeley: Philosophie des sciences
Georges Berkeley: Philosophie des sciences George Berkeley annonce dès le début de Trois dialogues entre Hylas et Philonous que les objectifs de son système philosophique sont de démontrer la réalité de la véritable connaissance., le…
Truthmaker Theory
Truthmaker Theory Truthmaker theory is the branch of metaphysics that explores the relationships between what is true and what exists. Discussions of truthmakers and truthmaking typically start with the idea that truth depends on being,…
Cynics
Cynics Cynicism originates in the philosophical schools of ancient Greece that claim a Socratic lineage. To call the Cynics a “school” though, immediately raises a difficulty for so unconventional and anti-theoretical a group. Their primary…
The Knowledge Argument Against Physicalism
The Knowledge Argument Against Physicalism The knowledge argument is one of the main challenges to physicalism, the doctrine that the world is entirely physical. The argument begins with the claim that there are truths about…
Cheng Yi (1033—1107)
Cheng Yi (1033—1107) Cheng Yi was one of the leading philosophers of Neo-Confucianism in the Song (Sung dynasty (960-1279). Together with his elder brother Cheng Hao (1032-1085), he strove to restore the tradition of Confucius…
Critique (460—403 B.C.E.)
Critique (460—403 B.C.E.) Critique, son of Callaeschrus, an Athenian philosopher, rhéteur, poète, historien, and political leader, was best known for his leading role in the pro-Spartan government of the Thirty (404-403 BC). But Critias also…
Épistémologie et relativisme
Épistémologie et relativisme L'épistémologie est, à peu près, la théorie philosophique de la connaissance, sa nature et sa portée. Quel est le statut des revendications épistémologiques? Les relativistes considèrent le statut de (au moins certains types de) affirmations épistémologiques comme,…
Paradoxe contraire au devoir
Contrary-to-Duty Paradox A contrary-to-duty obligation is an obligation telling us what ought to be the case if something that is wrong is true. Par exemple: ‘If you have done something bad, you should make amends’….
Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970)
Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) Rudolf Carnap, un philosophe d'origine allemande et naturalisé américain. citoyen, était l'un des principaux représentants du positivisme logique et l'un des principaux philosophes du XXe siècle. He made significant contributions to…