Charles Sanders Peirce: Architectonic Philosophy The subject matter of architectonic is the structure of all human knowledge. The purpose of providing an architectonic scheme is to classify different types of knowledge and explain the relationships…
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The Hard Problem of Consciousness
The Hard Problem of Consciousness The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining why any physical state is conscious rather than nonconscious. It is the problem of explaining why there is “something it…
Emmanuel Kant: Métaphysique
Emmanuel Kant: Métaphysique Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) est l'un des philosophes les plus influents de l'histoire de la philosophie occidentale. Ses contributions à la métaphysique, épistémologie, éthique, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every…
Proper Functionalism
Proper Functionalism ‘Proper Functionalism’ refers to a family of epistemological views according to which whether a belief (or some other doxastic state) was formed by way of properly functioning cognitive faculties plays a crucial role…
Arthur Schopenhauer: Logic and Dialectic
Arthur Schopenhauer: Logic and Dialectic For Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), logic as a discipline belongs to the human faculty of reason, more precisely to the faculty of language. This discipline of logic breaks down into two…
Relational Models Theory
Relational Models Theory Relational Models Theory is a theory in cognitive anthropology positing a biologically innate set of elementary mental models and a generative computational system operating upon those models. The computational system produces compound…
Collective Intentionality
Collective Intentionality The idea that a collective could be bearer of intentional states such as belief and intention is likely to raise some eyebrows, especially in certain Anglo-American and European philosophical circles. The dominant picture…
Spinoza: Free Will and Freedom
Spinoza: Free Will and Freedom Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch Jewish rationalist philosopher who is most famous for his Ethics and Theological-Political Treatise. Although influenced by Stoicism, Maimonides, Machiavel, Descartes, and Hobbes, entre autres,…
Charles Hartshorne: Neoclassical Metaphysics
Charles Hartshorne: Neoclassical Metaphysics Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000) was an intrepid defender of the claims of metaphysics in a century characterized by its anti-metaphysical genius. While many influential voices were explaining what speculative philosophy could not…
Institution Theory
Institution Theory Institution theory is a very general mathematical study of formal logical systems—with emphasis on semantics—that is not committed to any particular concrete logical system. This is based upon a mathematical definition for the informal…