Ralph Cudworth (1617—1688) Ralph Cudworth was an English philosopher and theologian, representative of a seventeenth century movement known as the Cambridge Platonists. These were the first English philosophers to publish primarily in their native tongue, and to use Plato as a core influence. Three of Cudworth’s works: The True Intellectual System of the Universe, A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, and A Treatise on

David Lewis (1941–2001) David Lewis was an American philosopher and one of the last generalists, in the sense that he was one of the last philosophers who contributed to the great majority of sub-fields of the discipline. He made central contributions in metaphysics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. He also made important contributions in probabilistic and practical reasoning, epistemologia, the philosophy

Epistemic Justification We often believe what we are told by our parents, friends, medici, and news reporters. We often believe what we see, gusto, e odore. We hold beliefs about the past, the present, and the future. Do we have a right to hold any of these beliefs? Are any supported by evidence? Should we continue to hold them, or should we discard some? Questi

Arthur Schopenhauer: Logic and Dialectic For Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), logic as a discipline belongs to the human faculty of reason, more precisely to the faculty of language. This discipline of logic breaks down into two areas. Logic or analytics is one side of the coin; dialectic or the art of persuasion is the other. The former investigates rule-oriented and monological language. The latter investigates result-oriented language

L’etica delle sanzioni economiche Le sanzioni economiche implicano il ritiro, motivato politicamente, di rapporti commerciali o finanziari consuetudinari da parte di uno Stato, organizzazione o individuo. Potrebbero essere imposti dalle Nazioni Unite, organizzazioni governative regionali come l’Unione Europea, o da Stati che agiscono da soli. Sebbene le sanzioni economiche siano state a lungo una caratteristica delle relazioni internazionali, la fine della Guerra Fredda alla fine

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c. 980-1037) Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina is better known in Europe by the Latinized name “Avicenna.” He is probably the most significant philosopher in the Islamic tradition and arguably the most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era. Born in Afshana near Bukhara in Central Asia in about 980, he is best known as a polymath, as a physician whose major work