Universals Universals are a class of mind-independent entities, usually contrasted with individuals (or so-called “particulars”), postulated to ground and explain relations of qualitative identity and resemblance among individuals. Individuals are said to be similar in virtue of sharing universals. An apple and a ruby are both red, Per esempio, and their common redness results from sharing a universal. If they are both red at the

Anaxarchus (c. 380—c. 320 B.C.E.) As a follower of Democritus, Anaxarchus developed the skeptical tendencies within Democritus’ thought. Although our information on him is extremely sketchy, he is a pivotal figure connecting the atomism of Democritus to the skepticism of Pyrrho, if ancient philosophical genealogies can be trusted. He allegedly abolished the criterion of truth by likening our experiences to those of dreamers and madmen.

Natural Deduction Natural Deduction (ND) is a common name for the class of proof systems composed of simple and self-evident inference rules based upon methods of proof and traditional ways of reasoning that have been applied since antiquity in deductive practice. The first formal ND systems were independently constructed in the 1930s by G. Gentzen and S. Jaśkowski and proposed as an alternative to Hilbert-style axiomatic systems. Gentzen introduced a

Fondamentalismo Il fondazionalismo epistemico è una visione sulla struttura adeguata della propria conoscenza o delle proprie credenze giustificate. Alcune credenze sono conosciute o credute in modo giustificato solo perché altre credenze sono conosciute o credute in modo giustificato. Per esempio, puoi sapere di avere una malattia cardiaca solo se conosci altre affermazioni, ad esempio se i tuoi medici lo riferiscono e i medici sono affidabili. Il supporto fornito da queste convinzioni

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906—1945) For Bonhoeffer, the foundation of ethical behaviour lay in how the reality of the world and the reality of God were reconciled in the reality of Christ. Both in his thinking and in his life, ethics were centered on the demand for action by responsible men and women in the face of evil. He was sharply critical of ethical theory and of

Consequentialism Consequentialism is the view that morality is all about producing the right kinds of overall consequences. Here the phrase “overall consequences” of an action means everything the action brings about, including the action itself. Per esempio, if you think that the whole point of morality is (UN) to spread happiness and relieve suffering, o (b) to create as much freedom as possible in the