Benedetto di Spinoza (1632-1677) Benedict de Spinoza was among the most important of the post-Cartesian philosophers who flourished in the second half of the 17th century. Ha dato contributi significativi praticamente in ogni area della filosofia, ei suoi scritti rivelano l'influenza di fonti così divergenti come lo stoicismo, razionalismo ebraico, Macchiavelli, Hobbes, Cartesio, e una varietà di pensatori religiosi eterodossi del suo tempo. For this

Nicholas Rescher (1928—) Nicholas Rescher (1928- ) is a prominent representative of contemporary pragmatism, Ma, unlike most analytic thinkers, he managed to establish himself as a systematic philosopher. In particolare, he built a system of “pragmatic idealism” that combines elements of the European continental idealism with American pragmatism. One of the most salient features of Rescher¹s work is the breadth of topics with which he

Jacqueline Pascal (1625—1661) A Cistercian nun, Jacqueline Pascal made a major contribution to philosophy of education through her treatise on the methods and principles of the pedagogy used at the convent school at Port-Royal. In her educational theory, the teacher emerges as a spiritual director who encourages the moral progress of her pupils through ascetical exercises and personal interviews. The right of women to acquire

Reduction and Emergence in Chemistry Most talk of reduction and emergence figures in discussions about the relation between different physical theories, or between physics and biology. The aim of this article is to present a different perspective through which to examine reduction and emergence; vale a dire, the perspective of chemistry’s relation to physics. Very broadly, reduction is associated with the idea that the sciences are hierarchically

The Experience Machine The experience machine is a thought experiment first devised by Robert Nozick in the 1970s. In the last decades of the 20th century, an argument based on this thought experiment has been considered a knock-down objection to hedonism about well-being, the thesis that our well-being—that is, the goodness or badness of our lives for us—is entirely determined by our pains and pleasures.

Multiculturalism Cultural diversity has been present in societies for a very long time. In Ancient Greece, there were various small regions with different costumes, tradizioni, dialects and identities, Per esempio, those from Aetolia, Locris, Doris and Epirus. In the Ottoman Empire, Muslims were the majority, but there were also Christians, Jews, pagan Arabs, and other religious groups. In the 21st century, societies remain culturally diverse,