Lucio Annaeo Seneca (c. 4 a.E.V.—65 E.V.) L'antico filosofo romano Seneca era uno stoico che adottò e argomentò in gran parte all'interno della struttura ereditata dai suoi predecessori stoici. Le sue Lettere a Lucilio sono state a lungo testi stoici ampiamente letti. I testi di Seneca hanno molti scopi: scrive per esortare i lettori alla filosofia, per incoraggiarli a continuare gli studi, per articolare la sua posizione filosofica, A

The Phenomenological Reduction There is an experience in which it is possible for us to come to the world with no knowledge or preconceptions in hand; it is the experience of astonishment. The “knowing” we have in this experience stands in stark contrast to the “knowing” we have in our everyday lives, where we come to the world with theory and “knowledge” in hand, our

Ninon de Lenclos (1620—1705) A salonnière during the reign of Louis XIV, Ninon de Lenclos embodied libertinism in both theory and practice. As a notorious courtesan, Lenclos scandalized France by her numerous affairs with prominent statesmen and ecclesiastics. As a philosopher, she justified sexual license by her naturalistic theories of human nature and of morality. In Lenclos’s perspective, the human person is demonstrably a part of material

Pejorative Language Some words can hurt. Slurs, insults, and swears can be highly offensive and derogatory. Some theorists hold that the derogatory capacity of a pejorative word or phrase is best explained by the content it expresses. In opposition to content theories, deflationism denies that there is any specifically derogatory content expressed by pejoratives. As noun phrases, ‘insult’ and ‘slur’ refer to symbolic vehicles designed

Philosophy of Biology Philosophy of biology is the branch of philosophy of science that deals with biological knowledge. It can be practiced not only by philosophers, but also by scientists who reflect on their own work. The distinctive mark of philosophy of biology is the effort to achieve generalizations about biology, up to various degrees. Per esempio, philosophy of biology makes biology relevant to classic

Umorismo Lo studio filosofico dell'umorismo si è concentrato sullo sviluppo di una definizione soddisfacente di umorismo, che fino a poco tempo fa veniva trattato grosso modo come equivalente alla risata. Il compito principale è sviluppare una teoria adeguata su cosa sia l'umorismo. Secondo l'analisi standard, Le teorie dell’umorismo possono essere classificate in tre gruppi chiaramente identificabili:incongruenza, superiorità, e teorie del sollievo. La teoria dell'incongruenza lo è