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Frege’s Problem: Referential Opacity The problem of referential opacity is to explain why a certain inference rule of classical logic sometimes produces invalid-seeming inferences when applied to ascriptions of mental states. The rule concerns substitution of terms for the same object, and here is one of the controversial examples. It involves the mental states of Lois Lane, who believes that Superman can fly. Tuttavia, Lei
Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences. A virtue ethicist is likely to give you this kind of moral advice: “Act as a virtuous person would act in your situation.” Most virtue ethics theories take their inspiration from Aristotle
Sistema di numerazione Diels-Kranz degli scritti dei presocratici, Solo le citazioni incorporate nelle opere di autori successivi sono sopravvissute. Queste citazioni, insieme a rapporti sui presocratici e imitazioni delle loro opere, sono stati compilati per la prima volta in un'edizione standard (Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker) nel XIX secolo di Hermann Diels (1848-1922) con revisioni di Walther Kranz e successivi editori, in un'edizione completa di
Martin Büber (1878-1965) Martin Buber è stato un importante filosofo del XX secolo, pensatore religioso, attivista politico ed educatore. Nato in Austria, trascorse gran parte della sua vita in Germania e Israele, scrivere in tedesco ed ebraico. È meglio conosciuto per il suo libro del 1923, Io e te (Io e Tu), che distingue tra le modalità di esistenza “Io-Tu” e “Io-Esso”.. Spesso caratterizzato come un filosofo esistenzialista, Buber
Square of Opposition The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form. The square, traditionally conceived, looks like this: The four corners of this chart represent the four basic forms of propositions recognized in classical logic: A propositions, or universal affirmatives take the form: All S
Differential Ontology Differential ontology approaches the nature of identity by explicitly formulating a concept of difference as foundational and constitutive, rather than thinking of difference as merely an observable relation between entities, the identities of which are already established or known. Intuitivamente, we speak of difference in empirical terms, as though it is a contrast between two things; a way in which a thing, UN,