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Ayn Rand (1905—1982) Ayn Rand was a major intellectual of the twentieth century. Born in Russia in 1905 and educated there, she immigrated to the United States after graduating from university. Upon becoming proficient in English and establishing herself as a writer of fiction, she became well-known as a passionate advocate of a philosophy she called Objectivism. This philosophy is in the Aristotelian tradition, con
Mulino John Stuart: Ethics The ethical theory of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) is most extensively articulated in his classical text Utilitarianism (1861). Its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the foundation of morals. This principle says actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote overall human happiness. Così, Mill focuses on consequences of actions and not on rights nor ethical sentiments.
Nietzsche’s Ethics The ethical thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) can be divided into two main components. The first is critical: Nietzsche offers a wide-ranging critique of morality as it currently exists. The second is Nietzsche’s positive ethical philosophy, which focuses primarily on what constitutes health, vitality, and flourishing for certain individuals, the so-called “higher types”. In the critical project, Nietzsche attacks the morality
Empirical Aesthetics Empirical aesthetics is a research area at the intersection of psychology and neuroscience that aims to understand how people experience, evaluate, and create objects aesthetically. Its central two questions are: How do we experience beauty? How do we experience art? In pratica, this means that empirical aesthetics studies (1) prototypically aesthetic responses, such as beauty or chills, e (2) responses to prototypically aesthetic
Errori Un errore è un tipo di errore nel ragionamento. L'elenco degli errori riportato di seguito contiene 231 nomi degli errori più comuni, e fornisce brevi spiegazioni ed esempi di ciascuno di essi. Gli argomenti fallaci non dovrebbero essere persuasivi, ma troppo spesso lo sono. Gli errori possono essere creati involontariamente, oppure possono essere creati intenzionalmente per ingannare altre persone. La stragrande maggioranza
Thomas Hobbes: Methodology Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) is one of England’s most influential political philosophers. According to his own estimation, he was probably the most important philosopher of his time, if not of history, since he believed himself to be the first to discover a genuine “science of politics.” Modeled on the surefire method of geometry, his political science was supposed to demonstrate political truths with