The Safety Condition for Knowledge A number of epistemologists have defended a necessary condition for knowledge that has come to be labeled as the “safety” condition. Timothy Williamson, Duncan Pritchard, and Ernest Sosa are the foremost defenders of safety. According to these authors an agent S knows a true proposition P only if S could not easily have falsely believed P. Disagreement arises, Tuttavia, con

Logical Problem of Evil The existence of evil and suffering in our world seems to pose a serious challenge to belief in the existence of a perfect God. If God were all-knowing, it seems that God would know about all of the horrible things that happen in our world. If God were all-powerful, God would be able to do something about all of the evil

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c. 980-1037) Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina is better known in Europe by the Latinized name “Avicenna.” He is probably the most significant philosopher in the Islamic tradition and arguably the most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era. Born in Afshana near Bukhara in Central Asia in about 980, he is best known as a polymath, as a physician whose major work

Reductio ad Absurdum Reductio ad absurdum è una modalità di argomentazione che cerca di stabilire una contesa facendo derivare un'assurdità dalla sua negazione, sostenendo così che una tesi deve essere accettata perché il suo rigetto sarebbe insostenibile. È uno stile di ragionamento utilizzato in tutta la storia della matematica e della filosofia, dall'antichità classica in poi. Sommario Idee di base Il

Precautionary Principles The basic idea underlying a precautionary principle (PP) is often summarized as “better safe than sorry.” Even if it is uncertain whether an activity will lead to harm, Per esempio, to the environment or to human health, measures should be taken to prevent harm. This demand is partly motivated by the consequences of regulatory practices of the past. Spesso, chances of harm were