Punizione La punizione implica l'inflizione deliberata di sofferenza a un presunto o effettivo delinquente per un reato come una trasgressione morale o legale. Poiché la punizione implica infliggere un dolore o una privazione simile a quella che l’autore di un crimine infligge alla sua vittima, è stato generalmente accettato che la punizione richieda una giustificazione morale oltre che legale e politica. Mentre i filosofi quasi tutti

Theodor Adorno (1903—1969) Theodor Adorno was one of the foremost continental philosophers of the twentieth century. Although he wrote on a wide range of subjects, his fundamental concern was human suffering—especially modern societies’ effects upon the human condition. He was influenced most notably by Hegel, Marx, and Nietzsche. He was associated with The Institute for Social Research, in the Frankfurt School, which was a social science

Political Philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre This article focuses on Alasdair MacIntyre’s contribution to political philosophy since 1981, although MacIntyre has also written influential works on theology, Marxism, rationality, metafisica, etica, and the history of philosophy. He has made a personal intellectual journey from Marxism to Catholicism and from Aristotle to Aquinas, and he is one of the preeminent Thomist political philosophers. The most consistent and

Nasir Khusraw (1004—1060) Abu Mo’in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw is an important figure in the development of Ismaili philosophy. Much of his biography and philosophical ideology has been obtained through fragmented texts, both in poetry and prose. Born into a politically connected family, Khusraw was well-educated and in the sciences and humanities. Having spent most of his life occupying prestigious positions within the Sajuq

Confirmation and Induction The term “confirmation” is used in epistemology and the philosophy of science whenever observational data and evidence “speak in favor of” or support scientific theories and everyday hypotheses. Storicamente, confirmation has been closely related to the problem of induction, the question of what to believe regarding the future in the face of knowledge that is restricted to the past and present. One

Divine Simplicity Divine simplicity is central to the classical Western concept of God. Simplicity denies any physical or metaphysical composition in the divine being. This means God is the divine nature itself and has no accidents (properties that are not necessary) accruing to his nature. There are no real divisions or distinctions in this nature. Così, the entirety of God is whatever is attributed to him.