Srinawesin: Lexicon of Verb Roots and Thesaurus

Autore: Madeline Palmer

Data della SM: 04-06-2013

Data FL: 05-01-2013

Numero FL: Florida-000014-00

Citazione: Palmer, Madeline. 2013. Srinawesin: Lexicon of
Verb Roots and Thesaurus. A Srínawésin:
Il linguaggio dei fratelli: Una grammatica
e Lessico della latitudinale settentrionale
Dialetto della lingua del drago.
Florida-000014-00, Fiat Lingua, . ragnatela. 01 May 2013.

Diritto d'autore: © 2013 Madeline Palmer. Questo lavoro è concesso in licenza

sotto un'attribuzione Creative Commons-
Non commerciale, senza derivati ​​3.0 Licenza non trasportata.

!

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

Fiat Lingua è prodotto e gestito dalla Language Creation Society (LCS). Per ulteriori informazioni
riguardo alla LCS, visita http://www.conlang.org/

Srinawesin
Il linguaggio dei fratelli:
A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the
Dialetto latitudinale settentrionale
della Lingua del Drago

Basato su appunti scritti da Howard T. Davis

E

Organizzato e adattato da Madeline Palmer

A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

Sezione I: Introduction…………………………………………………….…..……………………………………………………………….3
1.1. Constructing a Dictionary of Srínawésin………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.2. How to Use this Lexicon………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.3. A Note of the Derivation of Srínawésin’s Terms for Draconic Phenotypes………………………………4

Section II: Lexicon of Verb Roots…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………10
H…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
I…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Ł……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
N……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
QS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
QX…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
R…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20
S……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
SH…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………27
SY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28
Š……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28
X…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30
TH…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
TS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
U…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37
W………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
Y…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38

Section III: Thesaurus of Noun-Verb Roots According to Class…………………………….………..……………………40
3.1. Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
Class I Kindred……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..40
Class II Predators…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
Class III Large Prey……………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
Class IV Small Prey………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
Class V Aquatic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43
Class VI Inedible…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43
Class VII Celestial………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
Class VIII Aerial…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..46
Class IX Animate………………………………………………………………………………………………………….47
Class X Inanimate…………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
Class XI Dead……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52
Class XII Components…………………………………………………………………………………………………..53
Class XIII Varia/Unknown…………………………………………………………………………………………..54
Multi-Classed Roots………………………………………………………………………………………………………54

Section IV: Thesaurus of True-Verbs According to Usage……………………………………………………………………60
4.1 Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………60
Aerial & Celestial Phenomena……………………………………………………………………………………….60
Animal Descriptors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….60

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

Color and Temperature Terms……………………………………………………………………………………….61
Emotions and Thoughts…………………………………………………………………………………………………61
Environmental Conditions…………………………………………………………………………………………….63
Flying Maneuvers and Actions……………………………………………………………………………………….63
General Descriptors and Actions…………………………………………………………………………………….63
Hunting, Stalking and Avoiding…………………………………………………………………………………….65
Killing, Dying and Eating………………………………………………………………………………………………67
Living Patterns & Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………..68
Motion, Travel and Positioning……………………………………………………………………………………..70
Non-Specific Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………..71
Personal Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………………………72
Relationships (Between Dragons)…………………………………………………………………………………..73
A proposito di, Talking and Sounds………………………………………………………………………………………..75
Songs and Poetics………………………………………………………………………………………………………….75

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

Sezione I:
introduzione

1.1. Constructing a Dictionary of Srínawésin
Constructing a lexicon of verbal roots of the draconic language from Davis’ notes presents a series
of challenges which might be impossible to surmount without the help of a knowledgeable speaker of the
lingua, however I shall do my best. As noted in my work on the grammar of Srínawésin, the basis of all
words in Srínawésin are verb roots. A single root has a general meaning related to it and various specific
meanings (verbi veri, noun-verbs in the various classes, adjectives, adverbs) are derived from it in a
specific pattern. While all words subsequently derived from a single root have similar meanings, IL
precise semantic meaning of a root in its various derivations are not all identical, as are the grammatical
ways in which it is expressed. Because of this a normal dictionary of terms is extremely difficult to
formulate, so I present a lexicon of verb-roots and the various derivations taken from the single root listed
below. The root is written in bold with all capitals (for example SIHÁ-) with the various Intransitive,
Transitive and Reflexive verbal meanings listed below. After the verbal section the various noun-verbs
with their corresponding classes are listed and finally the meanings ascribed to the root when it is used in
an adjectival or adverbial meaning.

Everything in this lexicon is derived from two sources: the lexicon written down by Howard Davis
himself (although in a slightly different format then that given below) and words used in the dialogues and
notes in Davis’ work which he did not give verb root definitions and their derivations. Per questo motivo, non
all the verb roots given below are complete, cioè. they do not give the way in which the root is derived into
verbi veri, noun-verbs, adjectives and so on, but give only a single definition either verbal, sostantivo, adjective
or the like. Unfortunately I cannot flush out the derivations of roots to which Davis did not write down in
his notes (he apparently did not have enough time to finish a complete lexicon or simply didn’t feel it was
needed and because he knew them already) and until I can access one of his more helpful subjects to assist
Me, I doubt I can finish this lexicon and all the derivations of the verb roots listed. Tuttavia, if Davis or
anyone else who has contact with the Shúna is out there and willing I would dearly love to finish this
section and I would welcome any assistance!

Inoltre, not all roots in Srínawésin have noun, adjectival, adverbial, or reflexive usages. Maggior parte
Fare, but not all and while they might be used in these ways, they are not explicitly used in this way in Davis’
note, so I cannot guarantee their usage in actual speech. The following lexicon is not exhaustive and does
not represent a complete list of draconic words, only those found within Davis’ notes. There are
approximately one thousand words in this lexicon but it is important to remember that each root can be
derived many different ways into various parts of speech through the rules of the language. Each root could
hypothetically be derived into eighteen separate words (intransitive, transitive, and reflexive verbs; an
adjectival verb and adverb and the thirteen separate classes inherent in the language) this means while there
are about a thousand words in this lexicon they can be hypothetically be used 13,000 ways. And these are
just the main words Davis wrote down in his notes, which indicates the impressive flexibility and
responsiveness the Dragon Tongue has to whatever situation and need its speakers might face. And since
this is but a small sampling of one particular dialect of the language (not including terms in Deep Draconic
or Aquatic languages) the task facing anyone who might want to write down every verb root of Srínawésin
is similar to a person who might want to write down every human word in existence. An unlikely feat to
achieve by any stretch of the imagination.

This lexicon is divided up into four sections; the introduction you are currently reading, il lessico
of verb-roots, which is the sum total of all the verb-roots I could find in Davis’ notes; the thesaurus of noun-
verb roots, which lists all the noun-verbal roots according to their class; and the thesaurus of true-verb
roots, which lists verbs according to semantic similarity, a caccia, eating, living actions and so on.

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

1.2. How to Use this Lexicon
The dragon tongue has a vast and complex system of words which refer to relationships between
draghi. One result of this is that a word will refer to another dragon as either the speaker’s relationship,
the listener’s relation (if the listener is an enemy or unknown) or the listener’s relationship (if the listener is
an ally or at least a non-enemy). This system is noted with “(Mio)” before the translation when referring to
the speaker’s relation, “(tuo)” if the listener (ally or non-enemy) has the relationship and “(tuo)” if the
listener (enemy or stranger) has the relationship. Although this seems very complex, it allows for quick,
concise, exact speech, a virtue dragons value greatly when they have a desire to speak at all.

Roots are classed in parenthesis behind the English definition, such as SŁÁHIN- ‘minnow, small fish’
(V), indicating that to use the root słáhin- to mean a minnow it must be in Class V Aquatic. Many words
may be placed in multiple classes depending on their usage and are marked as (‡) to show they may appear
in multiple classes. For instance SRANÍ- ‘innards, guts’ (‡) can appear as –sraníš ‘dragon’s guts,’ –sraníth
‘dead guts, a corpse’s innards.’ Virtually all words which involve living creatures and parts of living
creatures (Classes I through VI, IX and sometimes XII or XIII) may appear in Class XI Dead and are not
specially marked. Tuttavia, many words have precise semantic meanings when they are placed in a
particular class, such as HÁQSÁ- means ‘ghost’ when in Class VI, ‘shade-producing clouds’ when in Class
VIII and ‘shade, shadow’ when in Class XII and in these cases the derivations are included in the
definition of the verb-root. When the procreative gender of a root is relevant (primarily for prey animals
of various types and the Shúna themselves) it is indicated with the symbols (♀) for female and (♂) per
male.

All words which carry an Intentional Voice are indicated by ‘†’ in the translation. All others are
considered to be Unintentional in voice. Verb roots which have Inherent Objects or Inherent Subjects are
marked with •. Roots which have a wholly different singular or plural root are marked with ‘◊’ while those
which have a singular and plural form which does take the plural suffixes is marked as (◊) and those which
have three separate roots for each of the numbers is marked ◊◊◊. Roots with uncertain usage, gender or
precise meaning are bracketed by ( ). Sounds which are onomatopoeic (words which “sound like” what
they refer to such as splash, slash, rip and boom in English) are marked with (On.). Roots which are
pejorative or slightly so are marked with #. I have followed Howard’s methodology in placing words
beginning with sh and sy separately from the rest of the s-words because they represent separate
pronunciations (however this convention is only followed when these sounds begin the word). The sound x
is placed after s, sh, and sy because it closer to these sounds, so does not follow w as in the standard English
alphabet and following Davis’ methodology I have placed sh and sy as separate categories.

1.2. A Note of the Derivation of Srínawésin’s Terms for Draconic Phenotypes
Howard Davis did not give very much information on the past history of Srínawésin’s various
dialects, although he did not do so through simple oversight but because the nature of the problem
precluded any definitive discussions of the matter. He managed to learn simple relationships as shown in
§1.4.2. Dialects and the History of Srínawésin above but the simple fact that his informants did not really
care about the past history of their language and that the challenge involved many draconic generations of
history made it virtually impossible to discern the relationships of draconic languages with any certainty
for someone with a scant eighty-or-so years a human has.

Despite this fact he did manage to tease one interesting aspect of the history of Srínawésin out from
Black Honey and Stargazer in particular, namely the historical derivation of the Dragon Tongue’s
terminology for its own speakers. As noted above the biggest similarity that the Shúna have with each
other is their vast differences in their shapes and environments, but like the various dialects of Srínawésin
these can be placed into broad categories of relative similarity. Although dragons do not seem to possess
the human need to organize everything in their purview into nice, tidy little categories, they too organize
the way that they look at themselves into simplistic categories which appear to be common throughout the

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

draconic linguistic community. I hesitate to call these “races” because this implies some form of heredity
and as noted above in §1.3.1. Physical Characteristics dragons can alter themselves radically in a single
generation so any concept of “race” as heredity must be discarded. Davis himself called these types races
but I prefer the term phenotype which specifies the bodily shape rather then implying that anything beyond
simple “dragon-ness” is passed from parents to hatchlings through the generations.

This section covers two areas, the various draconic phenotypes and the interesting history of
Srínawésin’s terms for these phenotypes. “Phenotype” is a rather broad category which actually involves
three separate categories; body shape, elemental characteristic, and preferred environment. Body Type is a
fairly obvious term, it describes their morphological characteristics such as number (or lack) of limbs and
other features. Elemental Characteristic involves the type of connection a dragon often possesses with the
various elements of the natural world, fuoco, ice, water etc. This characteristic usually involves the various
types of terrible things the dragon can breathe out to kill those who offend it and is often related to the
Preferred Environment of the Sihá in question. Fiery dragons typically prefer hot areas, icy Sihá prefer colder
areas and so on, although this is a slight simplification because the Shúna are virtually immune to most
environmental conditions and so can be found anywhere they want to live. Who is going to stop them?

The various draconic phenotypes are called many things through many human cultures and across
the long millennia that dragons and humans have interacted with one another but for simplicities sake I
will use the common European terms where applicable and various often used cultural terms when the
European terminology falls short. The various phenotypes and basic descriptions are given below, but it is
important to remember that despite their cultural names these phenotypes may be found anywhere in the
mondo:1

Body Types
Amphiptère: This rather rare type is essentially a dragon with a serpentine body and large wings
without any form of legs of any kind. Although the name is obviously French in origin, I would
hazard to guess that the Amphiptère is similar if not synonymous with the Coatl below. Howard
knew at least one, possibly two Amphiptères, Dribbler and Bone Digger and Bloody Face believed
that the legendary Sun Catcher was also of this type.
Coatl: This word apparently comes from the Aztec word ‘serpent’ and is most commonly known
from the name Quetzalcoatl or ‘Feathered Serpent.’ I would surmise that this type is synonymous
with the Amphiptère above and is just a regional variety but there is a great deal of agreement
among humans that Coatls have feathers rather then scales (or at least feathery scales). I cannot say
if this is true or not as Davis knew no Coatls, nor did any of his informants. When asked if such a
Sihá existed, Angry Face simply snorted a ring of smoke and said “Wúx…” (‘Possibly…’) and then
went to sleep.
Cosmic: Neither Howard or any of the Shúna he knew had ever met a Shúna of this type, Quale
for lack of a better term I call “cosmic.” I use this term because they often appear as vastly powerful
and dangerous monsters in mythology, often as the opponents of gods or demigods. I cite the
mythological dragons Jormunganðr (Norse), Tiâmat (Sumerian), Azhi Dahaka (Persian) and Typhon
(greco) as primary examples of this type. Dragons prefer to use the root šáthí- or ‘Elder’ and the
few that Moonchild and Bloody Face heard of apparently live up to my term cosmic as they were
huge and capable of vast destruction when angered. Luckily this seems to happen very rarely.
Heraldic: This type is the basic type of “European” dragon, and essentially this type has a long neck
and tail, four legs and two large wings used for flight. Many of Howard’s informants were of this
type, including Moonchild, Bloody Face, Black Honey, Osservatore delle stelle, Obsidian Claw, Frost Song and

1 These types are taken primarily from The Enchanted World: Dragons, Alexandria, Virginia, Time Life Books, 1984, pages 32-33,
although many appear to be a matter of “common-knowledge” throughout many writings applying to dragons.

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

altri. This type is called the Heraldic Dragon because it is the classical image used in European
Heraldry for dragons (such as the Welsh flag and others).2
Guivre: Another French-derived name (they appear to have some difficulty with dragons for a long
Ore), the Guivre is often referred to as a Worm or Wurm in Germanic literature and is just that: UN
Sihá without any legs or wings whatsoever. Although these Shúna lack grasping paws they are still
extremely adept at using their mouths and tails when necessary and are just as deadly as their
limbed cousins. Howard’s main informers of this type were Twisted Smoke, Charred Oak and
Ghost Song.
Lindworm: This rare type of dragon is serpent-like but has a pair of arm-like limbs without back
legs. This type falls in between the Wyvern and Guivres and is fairly rare according to Davis. Lui
knew no Lindworms personally but noted that he believed that White Eye was one.
Wingless Heraldic: These Shúna are usually referred to as “Asiatic” or “Chinese” dragons although
this is an absurd name when dealing with creatures that have been around before Homo Sapiens or
Homo Erectus even came to China. To put is simply: this type is not defined by living in China or
even Asia because for most of draconic history these did not exist. Wingless Heraldic dragons are
long and serpentine with four legs but—as you can imagine—do not have wings. Despite what
Chinese legend says these Kindred do not apparently fly despite their lack of wings, and are quite
land-bound.
Wyvern: Wyverns are fairly common and well-known draconic types and have a body shape more
akin to a bat then the Heraldic types. Essentially they have a serpentine body, two back legs (Quale
function as grasping claws) and two arm-like wings which they can fly with great power and
maneuverability. Rotten Teeth, Dawnglow, Slit Belly, Under the Claw and Mist Stalker were all
wyvernic Kindred.

Elemental Characteristic
The elemental characteristics a dragon might have (and the terrible way you might die if you anger
uno) are varied but usually involve several main types, usually fire, ice, poison3 and stone. Fiery
types usually breathe incredibly hot flame and enjoy living in hot areas, icy dragons are freezing to
the touch and their breath is viciously cold liquid similar to liquid nitrogen and is as lethal as the
hottest flame, and much, much more painful. Poisonous Shúna can breathe out deadly vapors which
burn and kill anything unfortunate enough to touch the nasty stuff like a combination of
hydrochloric acid and VX Nerve Gas and this deadly mist can hang in the air for hours after it
leaves the dragon’s mouth, flowing like water to the lowest point in the ground and killing any
animale, insect or plant there. Stone dragons usually do not possess any type of lethal breath
(although some are of the fire-type) but prefer to live deep in the earth and in dark caves rarely seen
or dreamed of buy humans. These type all speak the Deep Draconic form of Srínawésin and are
rarely seen even by their own kindred much less then by humans.

Preferred Environment
Davis summed up this category into two nice types: aquatic dragons and everything else. Aquatic
types live most if not all their lives under water and usually speak a form of Oceanic or Inlandic
form of Srínawésin although they often speak other varieties as well. All the other types can
essentially live wherever they desire as they are rarely bothered by heat, cold, humidity or climate
and most can live indefinitely even underwater if they should so choose.

2 Slater, Stefano, The Complete Book of Heraldry: An International History of Heraldry and Its Contemporary Uses, Londra, Inghilterra,
Lorenz Books, 2002, pages 92-93 and 189
3 Obviously poison is not one of the classical elemental types of earth, air, fire and water but for lack of a better term Elemental
Characteristics still is a functional name.

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

These categories of phenotypes are broad and basic and it is important to note that they can be
combined in many different ways. Both Bloody Face and Moonchild were Heraldic and fiery dragons who
lived in a mild climate (Inghilterra) alongside Frost Song who was Heraldic and icy. A Sihá could be an
Amphiptère and poisonous or a Guivre and icy or many other combinations thereof. Although a Sihá can
be almost any combination of these types it should be noted that Aquatic dragons obviously rarely have
wings and usually do not breathe fire of any type and a large number of Guivres tend to be poisonous, Spesso
coated in a thick lair of poison which burns to the touch.4

Come notato sopra, the Kindred also describe themselves according to bodily type although they

obviously use different terminology. The Srínawésin terms used to describe body-types is given below:

Srinawesin (Singolare)
šinhá-
(šinhá-)
šáthí-
xinhá-
xrushá-
tsírhá-
łerhá-
sreshá-

Srinawesin (Plural)
šínna-
(šínna-)5
šáthíwé-
xínna-
xrúsna-
tsírna-
łérna-
srésna-

English
Amphiptère
Coatl
Cosmic
Heraldic
Guivre
Lindworm
Wingless Heraldic
Wyvern

There are three interesting things about this list. Innanzitutto, while most roots that have a singular and a
plural form that bear no resemblance to one another the two types of roots above (with the obvious
exception of šáthí-) obviously share a connection. In secondo luogo, the singular roots all end in the syllable –há
and thirdly all the plural roots end in the syllable –na and have voicing on the first syllable of the root.
Being a trained linguist Davis noticed this the moment he compiled the above list and asked Black Honey
about it. Although it took him some time to pry enough non-evasive answers from the rather “rude in a
friendly way” Sihá, he eventually came to the conclusion that the etymology of these roots is complex and
comes from a joining of two separate roots.

He believed that in Proto-Latitudinal form of Srínawésin there was an original root word which
described each phenotype in some way which then had the word sihá- ‘dragon, those who are alike or
kindred to me’ appended to it as below:

*šin?+sihá-
*(šin?+sihá-)
*xin?+sihá-
*xrus?+sihá-
*tsír?+sihá-
*łer?+sihá-
*sres?+sihá-

Amphiptère
Coatl
Heraldic
Guivre
Lindworm
Wingless Heraldic
Wyvern

Later in Srínawésin’s history these forms were shortened by the removal of the syllable si from sihá-

and compacted with the original descriptive root to form:

4 Another reason no other animal hunts the Kindred!
5 These terms are identical with one another which is why I suspect that the Coatl is a subclass of the Amphiptère rather then its
own type.

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

*šin?+sihá-
=
*(šin?+sihá-) =
*xin?+sihá-
=
*xrus?+sihá- =
=
*tsír?+sihá-
*łer?+sihá-
=
*sres?+sihá- =

šinhá
(šinhá)
xinhá
xrushá
tsírhá
łerhá
sreshá

Amphiptère
Coatl
Heraldic
Guivre
Lindworm
Wingless Heraldic
Wyvern

Apparently the final vowel of the original root was lost in this process along with the syllable si
from sihá. This process would also explain the plural forms if they were formed from the original
descriptive root plus the plural root shúna- ‘dragons, those who are alike or kindred to me’ as below:

*šin?+shúna-
*(šin?+shúna-)
*xin?+shúna-
*xrus?+shúna-
*tsír?+shúna-
*łer?+shúna-
*sres?+shúna-

Amphiptère
Coatl
Heraldic
Guivre
Lindworm
Wingless Heraldic
Wyvern

The collapse of the original descriptive root with the term shúna- probably happened in parallel with
that of sihá- but since the vowel in the first syllable of shúna- is voiced it most likely caused voicing to the
first syllable of the original root forming:

*šin?+shúna- =
*šin?+shúna- =
*xin?+shúna- =
*xrus?+shúna- =
*tsír?+shúna- =
*łer?+shúna- =
*sres?+shúna- =

šínna-
šínna-
xínna-
xrúsna-
tsírna-
łérna-
srésna-

Amphiptère
Coatl
Heraldic
Guivre
Lindworm
Wingless Heraldic
Wyvern

Bloody Face later informed Howard when he asked about it specifically that these terms were
virtually identical in the Artic dialect of Srínawésin but not in the Tropical dialect, leading Howard to
hypothesize that Artic and Northern Latitudinal were more closely related to one another then to the
Tropical variety, giving the relationship chart of Srínawésin’s languages as below rather then as noted in
§1.4.2. Dialects and the History of Srínawésin above:

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A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue

I have no direct evidence to back up Howard’s assertion but as it makes good linguistic sense I
would imagine that he is broadly correct but without access to his sources I cannot say more. It is an
interesting look into the pre-(umano)-history of Srínawésin although given the draconic lifespan is so long
the time periods involved in any linguistic change would be enormous.

9

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

Section II:
Lexicon of Verb Roots

H

•HÁHÍ-

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to look for a particular mate,
to try and convince a friend
to become a mate
to be looking for a mate

†a dragon looking for a mate (both

genders (IO)

†an animal looking for a mate (‡)

Adjective:
Adverb:

hopeful, desirous
longingly, piningly

•HAHÍN-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be a boundary marker
to set up a boundary marker
between another territory
(direct object)
to set up general boundary
markers

a boundary marker, segno, sign of

possession (XII)

COME

Adjective:

separated, possessed by a
drago
a caccia
territory
in a set-aside fashion
to sing beautifully, †nightingale
(VI)
◊HAŁA(Ł)- (singular form is tsúrí-)

Adverb:

HÁŁA-

UN

Intran. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be tiny pebbles or gravel

tiny pebbles, little stones, gravel (IX,

X)
Adjective:

Adverb:

crunchy, loud, difficult to
move over silently
crunchingly, loudly
to burst out, to free, to open up
steam, boiling water, hot springs
(IX)
Ancora, once more, Anche (tipicamente
adverbial)

HÁŁÁTH-
HÁŁI-

HAŁIN-

HÁŁRÍ-

◊HAŁÚTH-

•HANA-
HANÁTH-

HÁNÍ-

HANRÁ-

HANRÍ-

HÁNRÚ-

HANSÁ-

HÁNSÉ-
HANSÍ-
HÁNSU-

HÁNU-
HANXE-

HÁQSA-

to appear, to emerge from, A
originate from, original place (‡)
cedar tree (singular form is xnesyi-)
(IX)
male sex organs, penis, phallus (‡)
unsure, uncertain, cautious creature
(‡)
Amore, desire, want, hope for, hunger
per (XII), a creature which wants
something or which is desired (‡)
to yawn, to open the mouth very
wide, opened mouth of a creature
(‡)
to check up on, to look in on, A
things are
to see how
visit,
(principally between two Sihá)
aerial conditions between a large
pocket of high pressure (clear
weather) and low pressure (cloudy,
rainy weather) (VIII)
open, clear skies with few clouds
(VIII), apparent, clear
new, surprising, astonishing
stress, worry, excitement (IX, XII)
to scrape the scales off a fish, fish
scales (usually plural) (V, XII)
golden, goldish (color) (XII)
verità, veracity
drago, trustworthy dragon (IO)

truthful

(VII),

Intran. V:
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to leap, to jump about
to make another to leap
to be a female deer

†female deer (III)
†toad, little leaper (VI)

Adjective:

Adverb:

a female deer’s smell, deer-
like smell
nervoso, ducking,
running in a zigzag

leaping,

HÁQSÁ-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

to be shaded
to shade from heat or light

10

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to sit in the shade or hide
from the light

ghost, dark thing (VI)
thin clouds, diaphanous clouds (VIII)
shade, shadow (XII)

Adjective:

Adverb:

shaded, shadowy, slightly
dark or misty, damp
without enthusiasm, slowly,
sluggishly

HÁQSRU-
HAQSÚN-

HAQXÍ-

HÁQXÍ-
•HARÁ-
HÁRÁ-
HARI-
HÁRÍ-

HARSU-

HÁRTHA-

#HARÚ-

HASA-
◊HASNÉ-

HAŠE-
HÁSÚ-
◊HÁŠÍ-

HAŠŁA-
HAŠŁÍ-

HÁŠRÚ-
HAŠWA-
HÁŠÉ-
HASHA-

HASHÚ-

HÁSNI-

marrow of bone (‡)
to think, to believe, to give credit
A, to care about
to be purple in color, a thing which
is purple (‡)
hoof (‡)
†(tuo) padre (IO)
†mammoth (♂) (III)
†Uranus (VII)
scar, scarred over flesh (alternate of
hushí-) (XII)
appears to be (usually in adverbial
form)
†a predator waiting patiently for
just the right moment to strike (‡),
to wait patiently to strike, to wait
with a purpose
tough or particularly disgusting fat,
gristle, blubber (‡)
“empty” root, pronoun root (‡)
hip, hip bone, pelvis (plural is rišu-)
(‡)
to turn around, to whirl around
flint (X)
print, track, mark left in the ground
by a foot but without any traceable
smells left by the animal which left
Esso (plural form of šuhun-) (‡)
dry riverbed (X, XI)
a broken chunk of bone imbedded
in meat or flesh (XI, XII)
blackberry, brambles (IX)
†comet (VII)
heaven, sky (unreachable) (VII)
weather, atmospheric conditions
(VIII)
to wrench something open widely
(corpse, tree), wide, open thing (‡)
raspberry (IX)

11

HÁŠIN-

HÁŠU-
HAXA-

HÁXÉ-

HAXÍ-
HAXŁA-

HAXŁÁ-

HÁXU-

scales, skin, coating of something
(undifferentiated) (‡)
tip of the tail (‡)
top of a mountain, tip, highest
reaches of a mountain (X)
to bristle, to appear to be larger, A
make an attempt at intimidation
to be tired, to be wearied
sand, dirt (always innumerable)
(IX, X)
to wear away, to wear down to
erode (probably related to haxła-)

Intran. V:

Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to lay down on the ground,
to be in a hallow, to be a
lake of water
to place in depressed ground
to lay down in a hallow

mist laying in a hollow (VIII)
standing water, small lake, pool, little

puddle (IX)

hollow, depression (X)

Adjective:

Adverb:

giù,

laying
drooping
lethargically

laying,

HAXÚ-
HAXYÉ-
HATHÁ-
HÁTHA-

HÁTSÉ-
HATSI-
HAWA-

lava (IX)
†goldfish (V)
anger, fury (IX)
deep, a location beneath, the ground
beneath one, below (direzione) (X,
‡)
†youngling, adolescent dragon (IO)
holly-tree (IX)

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be a female goat

†large prehistoric animal of unknown

type (III)
†goat (♀) (III, IV)

Adjective:

smell like a female goat,
female goatishness

HAWÁ-

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

to be meaty shreds, to be
torn or rent
to rend, to slash, to rip into
meaty shreds
to be torn up, to slash
oneself

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

Noun-Verb:
meat (‡)
depths of the earth (stone-meat) (X)

Adjective:
Adverb:

Adjective:

meaty, ripped up, slashed,

HÍNETH-

Adverb:

smell like meat
slicing,
UN
con
motion or manner

cutting

HINŁÍ-

†fish (in a river, lake or sea) (V)

fishy, fish-smelling
lashing side-to-side
to sequester, to hole up, to dig into
a location to wait
a muddy river, stream, creek or
rivulet (IX)
broken dragon egg (XI), hatched,
†waning moon (VII)
†bull, cow (♂) (III)
sound of rain (On.) (VIII)
glacial pool of water (IX)
to mate, to copulate (non draconic)
(‡)
plant that grows on a vine (IX)
vein of ore in the stone (X)
flakes of stone or another material,
chips of something (‡)
thirst, desire for water, creature
which is thirsty, drought caused by
intense heat wave (compare with
rathu-) (‡, VIII)
gust of wind, puff of wind (VIII)
mountain trail, trail through hills
or foothills (X)

HÍNTSE-

HIRA-
HÍRÍ-
HÍRŁA-
•HÍRSE-

HIRÚ-
HISRE-
HÍSHI-

HÍSHÍ-

HÍSA-
HISYÁ-

HÍŠÁ-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:
Refl. V:

to be heard, to be audible
sentire, to listen to
to be listening, to listen to
oneself

Noun-Verb:
ear (‡)
sound under water (V)
suono (VIII)

Adjective:
Adverb:

loud, audible
audibly

HÍŠIN-

HÍŠRÍ-

HIŠRU-

HÍXÉ-

lowlands, low area where the tide
might come in (IX, X)
cover, to hide behind while hunting
(‡)
to mark trees with horns or antlers,
trees marked by horns or antlers
(IX, XI)
foolish actions which cause harm
(usually to oneself, which is of
course the only thing which really
matters), †a dragon or animal
which by its foolish actions causes
itself harm (‡)

#HAWÉ-

HAYÁ-

HÁYI-
◊HEŁÁ-

HÉŁÁ-

HEŁÁTH-

HÉNÁ-

HENE-
HÉQXU-
HERI-
HÉRŁU-
HESA-

HESRÁ-

HESHÍ-
HESHÚ-

HÉXU-
HEŠI-
HÉTSÁ-

HÉYA-
HEYUN-
HÍŁÁ-
HÍNA-
HÍNE-

a confused creature (‡), confusion,
confuso, to confuse
to wash, to bathe in water, to play
in the water, †a bathing creature (‡)
wasteland, barren lands (X, XI)
fords in a river (singular form is
qsúqsí-) (IX, X)
tributary river (similar to húran- o
a vein or artery of water) (IX)
a forest with too much cover to see
prey from the air (IX)
(†)barnacle (V, XI (considered to
be like a plant))
sandstone (X)
to feel déjà vu, to feel strange
moss on a stone (IX, XI)
†polar bear (II)
to coat, to cover something in
something liquid or dusty, a film,
or coating of something on the skin
(IX)
volcanic stone, pumice (Sebbene
usually the black variety (X)
†swan (VI)
clawful (pebbles which fill up a
claw (X)), numerical classifier of
enumerated item’s class (‡)
rainbow (VIII)
to interrupt, to butt in
clear, mirror-like lake with a lot of
glare (IX, XI)
†moose (♀) (III)
†grasshopper (VI)
small, rocky island (X)
to roll over (aerial maneuver)

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to move back and forth
to make to swim away or
towards oneself or another
to swim (by moving tail
back and forth), to be a fish

12

HÍXIN-
HÍXRÚ-

HÍTSÁ-
HÍYA-

HIYU-

HÚŁE-

HUŁU-
HUNA-

HUNHA-
HÚNI-
#HUNŁÚ-

HUNQSE-
•HÚNQSÉ-
HÚNU-

HÚQSA-

HÚQXE-

HUQSU-

HÚRA-
HÚRÁ-

HÚRAN-

HÚRÉ-

HÚRŁÁ-

HÚRNA-
HURQSÁ-

HÚRQSÍ-

HÚRSA-

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

rare

storm

(Generalmente

feminine

†chicken (VI)
debris after a
innumerable) (XI, XII)
Bene, pleasant, Carino (‡)
to startle awake, †a creature which
is startled awake (‡)
to pick at, to scratch at in an
attempt to pull something out or
off
cat-nap, little sleep, a nap (XII),
lightly-sleeping creature (‡)
beach, edge of the water (IX, X)
“empty”
molto
pronoun root (found primarily in
Artic Latitudinal but sometimes
found in Northern Latitudinal as
BENE) (‡)
deep and wide lake (IX, X)
†ptarmigan (VI)
sick, sickly, infirm, weak, sickly
creature (‡)
†rat, mouse (VI)
spikes along a dragon’s back (IO)
to sing a specific melody, a melody
(On.?) (VIII)
bianco, brightly white (XII), bianco
ash (XI), white thing (‡)
to catch midair, to grab onto prey
midair
a sheer drop of a mountain face,
sheer stone drop (X)
thunder (VIII)
to spill, to gush out, to spill out
over something (relatively small in
nature vs. shaxún- ‘flood’), spilled
liquid such as blood or bile (IX, XI)
to cut a vein or artery, a vein or
artery (see héłá- anche) (‡)
†worm, earthworm (alternate term
from xánra-) (VI)
water dripping over stone, acqua
dripping in a cave (IX)
anus (‡)
hole in the ice (used by seals as a
breathing hole (IX)
trunk (of a tree or torso of an
animal or dragon) (‡)
to need or require

HÚRSÁ-

HURTHÁ-

HÚRTSA-
HURÚ-
HÚRÚ-

•HURÚN-

◊HÚRÚN-

#HUSA-

HÚSA-
HÚSÁ-
HÚSHA-

HUSHI-

HUSHÍ-

HUSŁÉ-
HÚSŁÉ-

HUSNA-
HÚSRU-
•HUSU-

HÚSÚ-
HUSÚN-

ornery

to be grimy, to be covered in mud
and rotting muck, †a creature
covered in grime and rotting muck
(‡)
curve of the earth seen from high
su (while flying) (X), atmospheric
disturbance caused by the curve of
the earth (VIII)
to grind, to grate
left side, left direction (‡)
combative,
difficult,
creature (mostly non-Shúna) (‡)
to forbid, to exclude, forbidden,
excluded place (to listener but not
to another) (X, XII)
to be brave, to lack fear, bravery,
lack of fear (VII), †brave creatures
(‡) (singular form is syénsú-)
to be ridiculous, to be utterly
cosa
foolish, (†)a creature or
which is ridiculous and utterly
foolish (‡)
thorny bushes (IX)
echo (usually plural) (VIII)
long duration,
(rarely used) (VIII, XII)
open ground in a forest, forested
but without much brush to impede
movimento (and without cover)
(IX)
scar, old wound (‡), †Aldebaran
(star in Taurus) (VII)
leaves on the ground (XI)
fullerite
formed
(glass
lightning striking sand) (X)
andare, to leave behind
†magpie (VI)
whispering of the wind through
reeds, grass, leaves (On.) (VIII)
icicle (IX)

extended wait

da

Intran. V:

Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be winding, sinuous, Di
an indirect manner
to plot against…
to plot, to plan

†demon, monster, devil (VI)

Adjective:
Adverb:

untrustworthy
in a ugly way, fiendishly

13

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

◊HÚSYÚ-

HUŠU-
HÚŠU-
HUSWA-

HÚXHÁ-

HUXŁI-

HUTSA-

◊HUTSÁ-

HÚTSÚ-

HÚTSU-
HUXÉ-

splotchy

sounds while

to dream, to move around and
make
sleeping,
†dreams (VII), creatures which are
sognando (‡) (singular form is
syesá-)
†horse (♀) (III)
†trusted enemy (unpossessed) (?)
spotted,
dappled,
(shadows & sunlight) (IX, XII)
to chortle, to laugh, a laugh or
chortle,
amusement
(VIII)
knot in bone caused by an old
injury which healed (IX, IX, XII)
to strike back, to get vengeance
upon, to hit back, vengeance (XII)
honeysuckle plant (plural form is
yisi-) (IX)
bark (of a dog, seal etc.) (On.) (‡,
VIII)
skull (‡)

sound of

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be forked, to be split
to spear with horns, to kill
with horns, to maul
to be a male deer

†male deer, buck (III)
†horned fish (V)
†horned beetle, bug (VI)
forks of lightning, horns of lightning

(VIII)

sloughed off antlers (XI)

Adjective:
Adverb:

spiky, horny, spined
in a split way, unplanned,
without a purpose
sale, salty water (X, IX)
long distance, far away (‡)

HUXRÍ-
HÚWE-

ŁAHÚ-
ŁAŁA-
ŁAŁIN-
ŁANIN-

•ŁANŠU-

ŁARA-
#ŁARI-
◊ŁARÍ-

ŁARSE-
ŁASE-
ŁASHÍN-
ŁÁŠÁ-

ŁÁŠI-
•ŁASU-
ŁATSE-
ŁATSÍ-

ŁATSIŠ-
#ŁAYÚ-
ŁÉŁATH-

ŁENA-
ŁÉQXÍN-

•◊ŁERHÁ-

•◊ŁÉRNA-

ŁERQSU-
ŁÉRSÍ-

IO

ÍTSIN-

ravine, gully (mostly sharp-walled)
(X)

ŁESHU-

Ł

ŁAHÉ-

to be sneaky or suspicious, ††a
questionable or suspicious dragon

ŁEYA-

ŁÉYÁ-

14

(IO), †a sneaky or slinking creature
(‡)
berry (IX, XII)
seedling (IX)
flowers, blossoms (IX)
to remain, to stay behind, to leave
something behind, left over object
(‡)
for a ♂ animal to sweat, sweat of a
♂ animale (‡)
†cat, big cat, predatory cat (II, IV)
weak, not strong, wounded (‡)
willow tree (plural form is sasi-)
(IX)
†a dwarf (?) (VI)
upwind (direzione) (‡)
scotch broom plant (IX)
to kill, slay, destroy, rip up (NO
mention of eating)
shoal, shore (IX, X, XII)
†herd of prey animals (III, IV)
to find, successfully search for
to be bored, to bore, †a bored
creature (‡)
lower left back (direzione) (‡)
veleno, bitterness, venom, bile (‡)
dry air, dry season, estate (?)
(VIII)
pancreas (‡)
to leap up, to take off with a
running start
†a Wingless Heraldic form of
drago (plural form is łérna-) (IO)
†a Wingless Heraldic form of
drago (singular form is łerhá-) (IO)
to be curious, probing
onto
A
to heap onto
something else,
something else (as opposed to yuxi-
which implies just a pile or heap
but not explicitly on
top of
something else)
plainly,
obviously
somewhat
(similar to qsér but considered to be
non-insulting, usually in adverbial
form)
to hunt by scent alone, a creature
hunting by scent alone (‡)
gills of a fish or shark (V, XII)

qualcosa

pile

su

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to place, to put a thing down
to sit, to prop oneself up

ŁÍHI-

ŁÍHU-
#ŁÍŁA-

ŁIŁU-
ŁINTSA-
ŁÍRÁ-

to sing a lullaby, to croon softly,
lullaby, crooning soft song (VIII)
chiedere, to query, a question (VIII)
to be incautious about where one
defecates and urinates, uncaring,
incautious, an incautious creature
(‡)
opal stone (X)
rowan tree (IX)

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

difficult,

clashing,
problematic
to be hostile (towards me,
implicit object)
to be my enemy

#†(Mio) enemy, proven foe (IO)
†competition animal for similar food

resources (II)

Adjective:
Adverb:

hostile, problematic
hostilely

ŁÍSHÉ-

ŁISHU-
ŁÍSHU-

ŁISÚ-

ŁIŠA-

•ŁIŠÁ-

to spread out into the ground, roots
of a tree (IX, XI, XII)
pussy willow (IX)
pine needles (usually plural) (IX,
XII)
to be very, very hot, a thing which
is visibly hot (visual) (‡)
to be interested in something, to be
interesting,
interesting
†an
creature, interesting thing (‡)

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be a hunting territory of
someone
to search for a hunting
territory
to have a hunting territory
(unspecified ownership)

hunting territory (generale, no specified

ownership) (XII)
to warn, a warning (VIII)
sloped hill, hill with a gentle or
gradual slope (X)
permafrost, layer of frozen ground
which never melts (X)
sulfur (X)

ŁÍXNÁ-
ŁUHÚ-

ŁÚQXÚ-

ŁURÉ-
ŁUSA-

Intran. V:

sit up, set in a place

15

location, posto, definite location (X, ‡)

Adjective:
Adverb:

sitting, placed
in a situated manner

ŁUSÍ-

A
respect or admire,
admiration, (Amore?) (VII)

respect,

N

to catch something but have it
struggle loose, to struggle loose
from a predator’s grasp
to sneeze, to snort, expulsion of air
or sneeze (VIII)
a lake which water flows into but
(apparentemente) not out of (IX)
†Spica (star in the constellation of
Virgo) (VII), blue-white, blue as
well as white
to string something, string, line,
group of items strung on a line
(usually plural unless referring to
the string in totality) (‡)
spray, foam, sea foam (IX)
little twig, tiny branch (IX, XI,
XII) (plural is sušun-)
fishrun, the time of year where fish
swim upstream to mate, †fish on a
run up a river (V, X, XII)
to fall, to collapse, to dive onto
(†) clam (V, IX because it is
considered semi-plantlike)
to roar, a roar (On.) (VIII), ††a
roaring creature (‡)
elder tree (IX)
grass, field, clearing, meadow (‡)
creek, little stream, rivulet, dried up
little stream (IX, XI)
to be unalike, to be different, to be
dissimilar, †an animal unlike others
(‡)
†reindeer (♀) (III)
to be bald and devoid of hair or
trees, †a creature which is bald or
balding (‡)
gemstone, gem (X)

NAHAŁ-

NÁHÍN-

NAHU-

NAHUN-

NAŁÍ-

NÁQXE-
◊NAQXÍ-

NARA-

NÁRA-
NARÁ-

NÁRÁ-

NARATH-
NARHA-
NÁRHU-

NÁRÍ-

NÁRIN-
NÁRQSA-

NARSÍ-

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

NARSÚ-

NASA-
NÁSA-
NAŠA-
NAŠIN-

NAŠIR-
NÁSRÍ-
NAXÍ-
NÁXU-
NAXUŁ-

NATSA-
NAWE-

NÉHÁ-
NEŁNI-

NÉŁSÁ-
•◊NÉŁU-

NÉNYI-
NEWÁ-

NÍHÁ-
◊NÍŁSA-

NÍRU-
NÍSHU-
NÍŠÁ-
NIŠNÁ-

NUNA-

sick, rotting tree which is still alive
but might fall over (IX)
†water skimmer (insect) (VI)
directly up (direzione) (‡)
sorta, kinda, a little bit
brown, the color brown, brown
object/being (‡)
fur, capelli (‡)
upper left back (direzione) (‡)
unused prey trail (XI, ‡)
gamey taste in flesh (‡)
desert, deserted land, barren (XI,
X)
cool, soothing, cool object (‡)
false trail (left by either predator or
game) (‡)
†male giant (?) (♂) (VI)6
to be kind and generous, †a kind
and generous creature (‡)
to make worse, to worsen
shed scales (?) (singular form is
yátsín-) (XI)
limestone (X)
to dip, to move slowly downward,
to slip down
to curl up, to roll oneself up
to lie, a lie (VIII), a liar (‡), UN
deceitful happening, a trick (XII)
(plural form is wašra-)
to inadvertently startle an animal
tibia bone (‡)
oil (IX), oil of an animal (‡), oily
to shake water off, to shake oneself
to get water off

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be the wind, to blow
to blow on, to take away
respiro (with qsi)
to breathe, to gasp

respiro (‡)
spirit, ghostly thing (VI)
fate (celestial winds) (VII)
vento, breeze (VIII)

Adjective:

breezily, breathy

NUSU-
NÚSHE-

†crawdad (V, VI)
a crack in a rock face (X, XII)

6 See the note on ríná- about this root

NUSYE-
•NUŠÁ-

†woodpecker (VI)

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to make into my hatch-
sister
to be my hatch-sister

†(Mio) hatch-sister

Adjective:

sisterly to me
†unexpected guest
to hunting
territory (neutral intent) (IO), (†)
unexpected happening or thing (‡)
large, unmoving, long lasting ice
sheet (X, XI)
dragon’s forepaw, forefoot, “hand”
(IO)

QS

truly old, beyond all

ancient,
remembrance (‡)
to wait, to wait for, expectant or
waiting creature (‡)
†whale (undifferentiated gender or
species) (V)

•NUXE-

NUWA-

NYARE-

QSÁHI-

QSÁHE-

QSÁHÚN-

•QSÁŁÉ-

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to make into (tuo) schiudere-
brother
to be (tuo) hatch-brother

†(tuo) hatch-brother (IO)

Adjective:

brotherly

QSANA-
QSÁNI-

to slosh, to splash water or liquid

Intran. V:
Trans. V:
Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be changeable, alterable
to change, to make different
to change, to alter, to be
changed

†Moon (VII)
a single moon’s duration, a month,
from the dark of the moon to the
next dark of the moon (XII)

Adjective:

Adverb:

changeable, shifting, luna-
Piace
shiftingly, shifty

†ants (singular form is qxarín-)
(VI)
†turtle (IV, V)

◊QSÁNŁA-

QSÁQSA-
QSÁQSÁ-

16

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli
Noun-Verb:

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

to flock together, to fly
through the air in a mass
to flock in attack, to swarm
another and attack
in a
group
to be a crow, to flock in a
group

Noun-Verb:

†crow (VI)

Adjective:

Adverb:

crowy, in a flocky manner,
crow-like smell
in a group in the air

QSAQXE-
QSÁRHU-
QSÁSÍ-

•QSASHI-

◊QSÁSHI-

QSÁTHI-

†goose (VI)
†thrush (VI)
†a nightmare, a terrible dream,
frightening thing while sleeping,
waking up scared, to dream a
nightmare (VII)
to try and lose one’s scent by
crossing a river or stream, a trail
where an animal tried to lose its
trail by crossing a river or stream to
disrupt the smell, †an animal who
tried to lose its trail by crossing a
river or stream (‡)
†wizards/sorcerers? (singular form
is xyéhí-) (IV)7

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be hidden, stashed away
to consume, to eat, to place
into (the stomach)
to be hidden, in a dark place,
to be eaten, to eat oneself

stomach (‡)
grotta, hole (X)
wound in a dead animal (XI)
container, hole, “bag” (XII)

Adjective:
Adverb:

hidden, stashed away
secretly
†hawk, eagle (II, VI)

QSATSE-
#QSÁWERÁ-

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

A

to bother,

to pester,
hassle, to disrupt
to worry oneself, to hassle
oneself, to be a færie or
goblin

7 See the note on xyéhí- below.

17

†færie, goblin, elf, little spirit or sprite

(‡)
Adjective:
Adverb:

annoying, problematic
difficult, problematic

QSAWÍN-
QSEHAR-
◊◊◊QSÉRE-

QSÉRNA-
QSÉRU-

†walrus (♂) (III, V)
†fox (II, IV)
†gnat, to buzz around annoyingly,
to fly dartingly without a pattern
(plural form is słátsú-, innumerable
form is qxuhan-) (VI)
nipple (‡)

annusare, to be odorous
annusare, to taste
to make oneself smelly

Intran. V:
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:
nose (‡)
tip of a tree, treetop(s) (IX)
headland, promontory (nose of land)

(X)

the tip of an unknown thing, “tip of

the iceberg” (XIII)
smelly
noticeable
obvious, apparent

Adjective:

Adverb:

(non-pejorative),

QSEQSÉ-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be snowy
to cover in snow, to powder
with snow
to hide among the snow

hundreds of falling meteors in a swarm

(VII)

neve che cade (VIII)
snow on the ground (IX)

Adjective:

snowy

QSÍHÍ-

QSÍHÚ-
QSÍNQXE-
•QSÍNRA-

QSÍRTSE-

QSÍSA-
QSŁÁN(E)-

to be orange-yellow, a thing which
is orange-yellow (‡)
to toss, lanciare
updraft of wind (VIII)
cower, cover up, to hide behind
cover from a predator
cancerous, cancer, †a creature with
cancer (‡)
to tip, to push over
to stare
attention, †intent creature (‡)

intently, to pay close

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

statically charged clouds (thunder
clouds which are forming) (VIII)
to sing a song with a traditional
melody but different lyrics, a song
with a
traditional melody but
differing lyrics (VIII)

QSŁAHU-

•QSŁÁRU-

•QSŁÁŠU-

to hunt for something
to be hunting

†hunting dragon (IO)
†predator (II)
†animal hunting another (but non-

predatory?) (‡)
stalking
“huntingly,” “stalkingly”

Adjective:
Adverb:

QSUWÍN-
QSWÁTSA-

QSWÍŠÍ-

heather (bush) (IX)
tundra, large cold land without
trees (X, XI)
†wood boring insects (VI)

QX

(non-gendered or
†clutch-mates
possessed) (inherently plural but
there appears to be no singular
form) (IO)
mudflat (IX, X)
giù, fuzz, soft feathers (Generalmente
plural) (XII, ‡)
†ant, antlike insect (plural form is
qsánła-) (VI)

•◊QXAHA-

QXAŁRÍ-
QXÁNU-

•◊QXARÍN-

QXÁTSI-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

to be a bone
to de-bone, to rip out the
bones
to break one’s bone

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:
bone (‡)
bones of the mountain, deep stone (X)
dead bones, remains (XI)
bony, bleached

Adjective:

•QXÁXA-

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to make into (Mio) schiudere-
brother
to be (Mio) hatch-brother

†(Mio) hatch-brother
brotherly

Adjective:

QXÉHA-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be seared, burnt
to burn, to sear with flame
to be burnt

†the Sun on a hot day (VII)
heat, hot weather (VIII)

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be next to something next
to another
to make another (tuo)
neighbor’s neighbor
to be
vicino

(tuo) neighbor’s

†(tuo) neighbor’s neighbor (IO)

Adjective:

somewhat distant

QSŁÁWU-

QSŁÁYÁ-
QSŁIRÁ-

QSNANÍ-
QSÚHÁ-

•◊QSÚŁA-

•QSUNRÍ-
◊QSÚQSÍ-

QSÚQSU-
QSÚRÉ-

QSUSÉ-

forest with various mixed trees
(IX)
pawpads of a mammal (‡)
oak tree, oak wood, oak branch (IX,
XII)
†pheasant (VI)
to chew, to worry (to chew upon
jawbone and
incessantly), lower
teeth (‡)
dragon’s wing (plural form
syéthu) (IO), to fly
†prey of a Blood Hunt (IO)
ford in a river (plural form is hełá-)
(IX, X)
thick, brush covered meadow (X)
†newborn calf of any prey animal
(III, IV)

È

Intran. V:

Trans. V:
Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be raining
(undifferentiated strength)
to be rained upon
to go out in the rain, to sit in
the rain

†Northern Lights (euphemism) (VII)
rain, falling water from the sky (VIII)
waterfall, splashing water (IX)

Adjective:
Adverb:

rainy, splashy
in a rain-like way

QSUWÉ-

Intran. V:

towards

to move
UN
destination (a river hunting
for the sea)

18

fuoco, flame (IX)

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli
Adjective:
Adverb:

fiery, burning, furious
vicious, angry, flaming with

Adjective:
Adverb:

anger

QXEHÍ-
◊QXÉRE-
QXÉŁÁ-
QXÉNÁ-

QXENÍ-

QXÉNRA-

QXEQSI-
QXÉQSÍ-
QXEQXÍ-
QXESUN-
QXESHA-
QXÉSHA-
◊QXEŠÍ-
QXÉYÉ-

†reindeer (♂) (III)
elm trees (singular is tsurí-)
lip (‡)
a sound echoing through a valley or
in the mountains (thunder, loud
noise) (VIII)
decoy trail, decoy (‡), to decoy, A
lead astray
†narwhal whale (undifferentiated
genere) (V)
moor (X)
†puffin (VI)
fern (IX)
ivy, crawling ivy (IX)
wet, dripping, wet thing (‡)
arm, limb, leg (‡)
kidneys (singular is sašni- (‡)

Intran. V:
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to be open, to open up
aprire, to bring out
to hatch, to be a hatchling

†hatchling, bambino, youngling, bambino (‡)

Adjective:
Adverb:

opened, giovane, new
openly, newly

QXÉYU-
QXÍNÍ-
QXÍQSE-
QXÍRSU-

QXÍSNA-

QXÍXA-
QXÍTSÚ-

hollow of land (X)
swamp, swampy land (IX, X)
rolling hills, pianure, prairie (X)
to hesitate, to pause (at the edge of
a meadow or important action and
implies timidity in both cases)
to push, to force, to make another
Fare
fork in the river or stream (IX)

Refl. V:

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

to make noise
to speak to, to address, A
talk to, to speak towards
to be audible, to be making
noise (focus on making the sound rather
then being heard which is implied with
híšá-)
Noun-Verb:

tongue (‡)
peninsula (tongue of land) (X)

19

to be audible (the voice)
audibly, loudly (in regards

to one’s voice)

QXŁAHÍ-
QXŁÁYU-
◊QXŁÉYA-
QXŁÍRÍ-

QXNÁHU-
QXNARÍ-
#QXNAYU-

†elk (♀) (III)
pollywog (VI, V)
aspen tree (plural is tsíršu-) (IX)
cave pool, pool of water in a cave
(IX)
†ancient giant sloth (III)
tail feathers of a bird or hawk (‡)
to be a coward, to be a weakling,
coward, weakling (‡)

(#QXNÉ(HI)-) vedi anche (#SNUHA-)

Intran. V:

Trans. V:
Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

e

Essere

bothersome

A
troubling
to annoy another, to insult
to be annoying,
insulting

to be

†a bothersome Kindred (IO)
†human, chatterer anything which
speaks but is not of the Kindred
(♀/♂?) (‡)

Adjective:
Adverb:

obstruction,

insulting, troubling
insulting, troubling
stop,
halt, wait,
difficult thing or creature (‡)
to sink ones teeth into flesh and
pull
hail,
innumerable) (VIII, IX)

hailstones

(Generalmente

QXNÍŁA-

QXNUHÉ-

QXRÍNA-

A

fly

QXÚHU-
QXÚNAX-
QXURA-

◊◊◊QXUHAN- †innumerable gnats, to buzz around
annoyingly,
dartingly
without a pattern (singular form is
qsére-, plural form is słátsú-) (VI)
honey, sweet (IX)
hollow tree (IX, XI)
general name for small animals and
rodent (IV, VI)
†robin (bird) (VI), robin’s egg (UN
“piece of a robin) (XII)
to trap, to entrap, to back into a
corner
stalagmite (X)
to be weak after hibernating,
weakness after hibernation, †a
creature weak from hibernation (‡)
quartz (X), pearl (XI)

QXUXI-
QXÚTHRA-

QXÚSHÚ-

QXUXE-

QXÚTSÚ-
QXUYE-

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

Intran. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to move over the moon at
night (dust, clouds)
to be a bat

†bat (Generalmente

In

IL

innumerable

numero) (II)

smattering of clouds moving over the

moon at night (VIII)
bat guano, dead bats (XI)

QXWÉNA-
QXWÉNÁ-
#QXYÁXE-

shale, crumbling stone (X)
†crane (VI)
†goblin (?) (specificamente) (VI)

R

grande, great, estremamente, molto, tanto, UN
large creature or item (‡)
calm, still air (VIII)
to make, to create, to think, A
formulate
stump of a tree (XI)
halo around the moon or sun (VII,
VIII)
for stones to tumble down a slope,
mountain or hill, broken groups of
from a hill or
calcolo
fallen
(Generalmente
mountainside
innumerable) (X)
morte, to die, to be dead, dead thing
(XI)

RAHA-

RAHÍ-
RÁHÍN-

RÁHÚ-
RAŁÁ-

RÁŁA-

RANA-

•RÁNA-

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to urinate upon (only from a
male)
to urinate (only a male)

male’s urine (‡)
stale male’s urine (vecchio) (XI)

Adjective:

to smell like male’s urine

RANÍ-
RÁNÍ-

RANTHÍŁ-

RANÚ-

RAQXE-
•RAQXÍ-

horns of a dragon (IO)
to lower one’s head and threaten to
charge with horns bared,
A
threaten
standing stone (left by a glacier or
other geologic event?) (X)
to drive towards (a caccia), driver
(hunting term) (I-II)
boulder, large stone (X)
to turn, to make a turn while
flying, to bank

20

RÁRA-

RASÁ-
RARU-
RÁSU-

RÁSÚŁ-

RÁSHÁ-
RASHE-
RÁSHU-
◊RAŠI-

RATHA-

RÁTHA-

RATHU-

RÉHA-

REHE-

RÉNA-

REQXA-

REQXE-

◊◊◊RÉRŁÁ-

RESHÚ-

RESYÁ-

RÉSYU-
RESYÚ-
RETSÉ-

Ribcage,

(‡),

†The

ribcage
Constellation of Cassiopeia (?)
dewlap (XII, ‡)
metallo (undifferentiated) (X)
to be important and meaningful,
dear one (term of endearment
amongst mated Sihá) (IO)
to be important, meaningful, vital,
great, central, vital concept (XII),
important individual or creature (‡)
inoltrare, in front of (‡)
muddy pool, puddle (IX)
thigh, meat of the thigh (‡)
slivers of wood, tiny pieces of wood
(singular is swahú-) (XI, XII)
solo, singolare, by oneself, da solo,
a thing or creature alone (‡)
stiffness, soreness, dull pain (COME
opposed to a sharp pain) (IX, XII)
drought caused by changing aerial
currents
unusual weather
o
patterns
(compare with híshí-)
(VIII)
to be burning with heat, to be
bright with heat (visual), a thing
which is bright with heat (‡)
bark of a tree (usually possessed in
some fashion) (IX)
loamy earth, rotting material (X,
XI)
†small fish living in a small pool of
acqua (V)
to strike with the tail, to sting with
the tail, stinger on the end of a
dragon’s tail (vs. hášu-) (IO, XII)
†beetle
(singolare
innumerable plural is wéša-) (VI)
to make
A
something move back and forth
velocemente
a thermal of air, a warm current of
air to glide upon (VIII), to glide on
a thermal current
†snipe, shore bird (VI)
beak, bill (of a bird) (VI, XII)
hyperbole, to be too loquacious and
talkative,
too many words, †a
creature which is full of hyperbole
and is too talkative (‡)

shiver,

xátha-,

stir,

A

È

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli
Trans. V:

RETSÍ-
RÍHÁN-
RIHU-

RINA-

◊RÍNA-

RÍNÁ-
RINE-

RÍNHA-

RÍNŁE-

RISA-

jagged, ragged, pointed
obsidian (dead lava) (XI, X)
little, small, minuscolo, small creature or
item (‡)
to decide, to plan, to formulate a
plan of action, mind, pensieri
(VIII)
steps, footfalls, vibrations in the
ground or earthquakes (singolare
form is srúrna-) (‡)
†female giant (?) (♀) (VI)8
flash of
meteor strike, nova?) (VII, VIII)
to swim against the current, †fish
swimming against the current (V)
booming,
(alternative word
(VIII)

leggero (fuoco, explosion,

crashing
per

suono
thunder)

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

to bite, to slay with one’s
teeth
to nibble on oneself

tooth, teeth (‡)

Adjective:
Adverb:

sharp, saw-toothed, toothy
angrily, viciously

RÍSU-
RISÍN-

RIŠA-
◊RIŠU-

RÍXU-
RITHA-

•RÍTHÍ-
•RITSŁÁ-

disposition,

to gulp or drink deeply
lingua,
body
unspoken communication (‡)
mistletoe (IX)
hip, hip bones, pelvis (singular is
hasné-) (‡)
to skewer, to impale
to hide, to cover up, to move
something over oneself in order to
hide
hard (raining) (On.))

Intran. V:

to be next to, to be near

8 This word is recorded only once in Davis’ notes along
with the similar word néhá- ‘male giant’ in a conversation
between Davis and Bloody Face. In the conversation,
Howard mentioned to Bloody Face that he was considering
going over to America to try and learn more about the Artic
dialect of Srínawésin and Bloody Face replied with a snort
“Over where the rínaréshá and néháréshá live? Beware of
those creatures.” Davis translates the words as “female
giants” and “male giants” respectively but did not elaborate
any further a strange oversight for a man so obsessively
meticulous.

to make another into (Mio)
vicino
to be (Mio) vicino

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

†(Mio) vicino (neither friend nor

foe) (IO)

Adjective:
Adverb:

neighboring, nearby
closely

#RIXNÁ-
RÍYÁ-
RUNÁ-
RÚNA-
RÚNÁ-
RÚNHA-

RUQSA-
RÚRÍN-
RUSHÉ-
RUSU-
RÚSÚ-

RUTHU-
RÚWA-

SÁHÁTH-
SÁHE-
SAHÍ-
•SÁHI-
SÁHÍN-

•SÁHUN-

SAŁATH-
SÁŁU-
SANHÍ-

SÁNHÍ-
SANHU-

sgradevole, terrible tasting, awful (‡, VI)
forget-me-not (flower) (IX)
marble (X)
†a marmot (?) (IV)
mountain (large) (X)
deep, bottomless, very deep, abyssal
(‡)
a burp, expulsion of air (VIII)
ice (IX)
madrona tree (?) (IX)
only, Ma, just9
†whistling creature or dragon (‡),
singing bird (VI), whistling sound
(VIII)
river flowing beneath ice (IX)
to fake dead, to play dead, †an
animal faking dead to avoid real
morte (‡)

S

(undifferentiated

island, isle (X, XII)
†badger (♂) (IV)
moss, low hanging (IX)
†(tuo) mate (♂) (IO)
forbidden, not allowed, to make
impossible to cross over
†(Mio)
bambino
genere) (IO)
moth (VI)
log floating in the water (XI)
particularly delicious or succulent
fat (‡)
low laying ground, depression (X)
to sun oneself, to sit in the sun
while holding out the wings to
catch the rays, †a creature sunning
si (I-IV, VI), a place to sun
oneself (X)

9 Another form of ‘only, Ma, just’ appears in tsérin-

21

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli
Trans. V:
Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

annoying, troubling, bothersome,
difficult, to bother, to annoy (fairly
maleducato) (‡)
to catch a fleeting smell or scent, UN
fleeting smell (VIII)

#SÁNSÁ-

SANSÚ-

SANU-

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

looking for a location (river
moving towards the sea)
to search for, to look for, A
find
to think about oneself, A
search one’s mind

Noun-Verb:

†(Mio) eye (IO)

Adjective:
Adverb:

found, discovered
in a searching way

SÁNU-

SÁNYA-

SARA-
◊SARÁ-

SARHÁ-
SÁRHÁ-

SARÚ-

•SÁRXA-
◊SASI-

#•SASHIN-
SASRÁ-

SASRU-

SAŠNE-
◊SAŠNI-
SAŠRÍ-

SÁTHIN-

SÁTSÁ-

•SAYA-

all,

†everyone,

qualunque cosa,
qualunque cosa (‡)
to undercut (a river eroding a
riverbank
riverbank), undercut
(IX)
†leech (V, VI)
†ewe, sheep (♀) (plural is tsethú-)
(IV)
†a hydra, a multi-headed dragon (IO)
dusk (VIII), covering the eyes,
cover something which is glowing
wise, wisdom, one who is wise,
intelligence (does not necessarily
denote age) (‡)
†(Mio) mate (♀)
plural form of #łari- ‘willow tree’
(IX)
(Mio) untrustworthy neighbor (IO)
avalanche (either snow or stone)
(IX)
to shake, to shake off water, A
shake something until another falls
out
giù, fuzz (‡)
kidney (plural is qxeší-) (‡)
cloven hoof, animal with a cloven
hoof (XII, III, IV)
edge, boundary
(X)
†ancient canine-bear (♂), possibly
now for male dogs/wolves (II, III,
IV)

(non-territorial)

to turn into (Mio) amico
to be (Mio) amico

SAYÚ-

SERA-
SÉRÁ-
SERŁÁ-

SESU-
SEŠU-
SEŠA-

SEŠE-
SEŠÉ-

SÉŠI-
SEWE-
SÉYU-

†(Mio) amico, ally, proven companion

(IO)
Adjective:
Adverb:

friendly, trustworthy
trustworthily

Fare

to step down on with force, to hold
something down with the foot or
claw, to crush by stepping on, A
feel crushed and dismal
to crawl, †centipede (VI)
muck, grime (IX)
to charge into something recklessly,
A
without
qualcosa
considering options or results, †a
foolish creature (‡)
sickly, spotted leaves (IX, XI, XII)
little river, creek, stream (IX)
a wave, ripple of water (alternate
form of sihin-) (IX), to wave, A
move back and forth in the wind or
acqua
alder tree (IX)
sandbar on a riverbank (IX due its
changeable nature, X)
pine tree (IX)
frost, rime, thin frost (IX)

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to flow (as a river flows)
to pour out, to make water
flow from, to make blood
flow from
to run along the ground, A
slither like a serpent

river, moving water, flowing water,

stream, creek (IX)

Adjective:

Adverb:

like flowing water, watery,
riverine
river-like
(plural form is SHÚNA-)

•◊SIHÁ-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be similar
to make another thing like
un altro
to be a dragon, to make
oneself the same

22

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

†dragon (undifferentiated race and

SŁÁHÍN-

relationship) (IO)
†group of animals (‡)
†swarm of insects, bugs, frogs (VI)
bunch of stones, rocks (X)
group of dead animals or Kindred (XI)

Adjective:
Adverb:

alike, in a similar manner
in an alike way

•SÍHÁ-
SIHIN-

SÍŁA-
SÍNA-

SINÍ-

SINTHÚ-
SÍRE-

SÍRHE-

SÍRTSE-

†(Mio) mate (♂) (IO)
a ripple of water (alternate term to
seša-) (IX)
lily, lily plant, lily blossom (IX)
to chase into a dead end without
escape
to hunt by hearing alone, an animal
which hunts by hearing alone (IO, II,
V)
†partridge (VI)
to squat or hunker down (to urinate
or defecate?)
to flutter, to flap, to beat ones
ali

SŁAHU-
SŁÁHU-
SŁÁŁ(Á)-
SŁAŁU-
SŁAN(E)-

SŁÁN(RA)-
SŁARU-

SŁÁRU-
SŁARÚ-
SŁÁRÚ-

SŁASWE-
SŁATSÉ-

◊◊◊SŁÁTSÚ-

SŁÁ(YA)-

taste/smell, delicious,

†Sirius (VII), alternating colors,
alternating
flat rocks, a field of flat rocks (X)
†adult, grown-up (draconic) (IO)
thumb, gripping digit (‡, XII)
bladder (XII, ‡)
succulent
wonderful, mouth watering (‡)
lack of prey, no prey, without prey
to swoop down and grab from the
air and lift off again
bluebell plant (IX)
a shuddering breath (VII)
waves of heat coming off the
ground or in the air (VIII)
hillock, little hill, tiny hill (X)
†sibling, hatch-mate (unpossessed
and non-gendered, generic) (IO)
†gnats, to buzz around annoyingly,
to fly dartingly without a pattern
(singolare
qsére-,
form
innumerable form is qxuhan-) (VI)

È

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be near but not really all
that near,
the same
In
general vicinity
to make
distant neighbor
to be (Mio)
vicino

far distant

into (Mio)

far

†(Mio) far distant neighbor (IO)

Adjective:

somewhat close but not
Veramente, to be sorta near
to choke, to gasp, to gurgle on blood
craw (‡)
†rams, sheep (singular is sišin-) (♂)
(III)
very still and reflective water (IX),
reflection on the water (XIII)
to deny, to refuse
†(Mio) trusted enemy (?)
ocean, vast expanse of water
(without being able to see the other
side) (IX)
to be funny, to be amusing, †a
funny or amusing creature (‡)
†minnow, little fish (V)

SISNE-
SIŠÍ-
◊SŁAXÍ-

SÍXI-

SITHA-
SÍTHÍ-
SÍTHRA-

SÍYA-

SŁÁHIN-

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:
Noun-Verb:

calcolo

(UN
to be bloody
covered with blood)
to cut, to make bloody, A
lacrima
to make oneself bloody

sangue (‡)
†Aldebaran (star in Taurus) (VII)
tree sap, plant sap (plant blood) (IX)
pool of blood, dead blood (XI)

Adjective:
Adverb:

bloodily, bloodied, bloody
bloodily, viciously

SŁEŁÉ-

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be en masse, to swarm
to swam another thing and
bite it
to be a mosquito, to swarm
in a group

†mosquito, biting insects (usually in
the innumerable number) (VI)
swarming/biting
in a great mass

Adjective:
Adverb:

SŁÉ(NA)-
SŁÉXU-

†crouching, ready to spring (IO, II)

23

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

Intran. V:

Trans. V:
Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to be full (clouds full of rain,
hole full of water)
to impregnate, to fill up
to be pregnant, to be full
with eggs

•SŁIŠI-

SŁÚHA-

†mother (any dragon’s) (IO)
†mother creature (‡)
dead egg (XI)
an egg (no particular ownership) (XII)

Adjective:
Adverb:

pieno, incinta
difficultly, with difficulty

SŁETHÍ-

SŁEWA-
SŁÉWÁ-

•SŁÉYU-

SŁÍHI-
SŁÍHÍ-

SŁÍ(HU)-
SŁIN(E)-

cut up, mauled, savaged, creature
which is ripped up (‡)
neck (undifferentiated) (‡)
awe-inspiring,
entrancing,
amazing, to entrance, an awe-
inspiring thing (‡)
†Predator of the Blood Hunt, IL
hunter in a vengeance-hunt (IO)
clay, river clay (X)
to be infrared in color, a thing
which is infrared in color (‡)
†rooster (VI)

Intran. V:
Trans. V:

Refl. V:

essere lento
to think about something, A
be cautious towards
to be thoughtful, to ponder
upon oneself, to be self-
cosciente, to make oneself
lento

Noun-Verb:

†acquaintance

draconic
(generale
relationship without indication of
friendliness or truculence) (IO)

†cautious hunter (II)
†cautious animal (‡)

Adjective:
Adverb:

cautiously, accuratamente, lento
cautiously, slowly

SŁINI-

SŁÍQSA-

◊SŁÍSYA-

SŁÍSYÍ-

to snooze, to doze (implies a light
sleep)
to be extremely icy and cold, to be
burning cold, a thing which is
burning cold (‡)
thin clouds in streaks (singolare
form is xúnra-) (VIII)
to attack without provocation

ghosts,

strano

(visivamente
A

to sing a song with traditional
lyrics but with varying melodies, UN
song with traditional lyrics but
varying melodies (VIII)
e
A
penetrate
capire
intellectually),
deeply, to see past appearances, †a
very wise dragon (and one not to be
trifled with)
to fly very silently, to approach
prey very quietly on the wing, †a
creature which approaches its prey
very quietly while flying (‡)
(†)phantoms,
suoni (singular is sreyú-) (VIII)
to sniff about, to search for scents
to bite and hang on while shaking
one’s head from side to side
glow, dim light, emanating light
from a forest fire or the dawn
(VIII)
face (‡)
saltwater iceberg (IX)
to walk briskly and quickly, a fast
walk or march
snow covered forest where prey
show up well (IX)
to wake up from hibernation, ottenere
up after a very long sleep, †a
creature (drago) which has woken
up after hibernation (‡)
rose hip (plant) (IX, XI)

SŁUSÍ-

◊SŁÚŠÉ-

SŁUSYÍ-
SNAHÉ-

SNÁHU-

SNARE-
SNARHÉ-
SNÁSŁA-

SNÉ(RÍ)-

SNÉSHA-

SNÉYA-
SNEYÉ-

Intran. V:

Trans. V:
Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

divided, split between two
locations
to divide, to separate
to face a difficult choice or
situation (to split oneself)

boundary between hunting territories

(XII)

Adjective:
Adverb:

divided, separated
separately
vicious downdraft (VIII)
cracks in stone or wood, crack in a
cliff face, mountain pass (?)
saliva (‡)
glacier (IX)
†human (♂/♀?) (‡)

SNE(YU)-
SNIHA-

SNÍRNA-
SNÍŠA-
(#SNUHA-)

24

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

SNÚHI-

SNUQSE-

•SNÚRAN-
SNÚSU-
SRÁHA-

SRAHÍN-
#•SRAŁA-
SRANÍ-
◊SRÁQXE-

SRASÍN-

SRÁYI-
◊SREHA-
SREHU-
•SRÉHU-

to draw air in, to suck air in, A
breathe in
boom, explosion, sudden and loud
noise (VIII)
heart of a prey animal (‡)
dwelling, lair, casa (X, XII)
movimento, to be alive, to go, A
travel, vita, ch’i, ki (‡)
fruits, fruit (IX)
†difficult, troublesome Sihá (IO)
guts, innards (‡)
†crab,
lobster,
(plural form is wašún-) (V)
submerge, to force beneath the
acqua, to dive from the surface of
the water beneath it, to pull down
beneath the water
to knock out, to make unconscious
thighbone (plural is swísún-) (‡)
†smelt (V)

anthropoid

sea

Intran. V:

Trans. V:

Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to pour out of a hole or
depression
to push out, to force out, A
force to defecate
to shit, to take a shit (to shit
oneself)

dragon shit (IO)
shit, feces (‡)
shooting star (star-shit) (VII)
vecchio, dried out shit (XI)

Adjective:

SRÉNA-

SRENÚ-
SRÉQSA-

SRÉRA-
•◊SRESHÁ-

•◊SRÉSNA-

◊SRÉŠA-

SREŠU-

SREXÚ-

shitty (non-pejorative)
to bruise, to lightly wound, a bruise
(XII)
†(my enemy’s friend) (IO)
willow-the-wisp, ghostlight from a
swamp (VIII, IX)
chest (‡)
†a Wyvern dragon (plural form is
srésna-) (IO)
†a Wyvern dragon (singular form
is sreshá-) (IO)
tidal pools (singular form is tseshá-)
(IX)
too much, too greatly, too great a
quantity
adverbial),
(tipicamente
(†)too much of a type of thing (‡)
flipper, fin (‡)

knee, knee joint (XII, ‡)
to lurk in the shadows, to lurk in
darkness while hunting
†firefly (VI)
to wander aimlessly, †an aimlessly
wandering individual (‡)
slush, really wet snow, mushy
snow (IX)
yew tree (IX)
(†)phantom, ghost, strange sound
(plural is słúšé-) (VIII)
walnut, walnut tree (XII, IX)
word, speech, talking (root of
Srinawesin) (VIII)
to pull, to haul, to drag along the
ground
†swallow (bird) (VI)
winding cave (X)
†pig, boar (♂) (IV)
hawthorn (IX)
†fat animal, overweight animal (‡)
to shrink, to shy away, to submit
to scrape, to scratch something off
of something else
to flatten out on the ground, A
make a sleeping place, to stretch
out on the ground
basalt stone (X)
†elk (♂) (III)
diehria (XI, ‡)
opportunità, opportunity, possibility
(VII)
†sorcerer, wizard
gendered)
generally considered to be VI)
to recall, to remember, to think
back to
legend, storia, ancient tale (VIII)
†caterpillar (VI)
†kingfisher (II, VI)
to step, to make the ground shake,
footfall, step, vibration in the earth,
earthquake, ground-shake (plural
form is rína- and there is some
evidence that this term was used
for dinosaurs or
terra-
shakers”) (‡)
†louse (VI)

non-
(various classes but

“the

((?)

SRÉTHE-
SRÉTSI-

SRETSU-
SRÉTSU-

SRÉTSÚ-

SRÉWÚ-
◊SREYÚ-

SRÍHU-
SRÍNA-

SRÍNÁ-

SRÍNTHE-
SRÍNU-
SRÍXU-
SRÍŁA-
SRÍRE-
SRÍSA-
SRÍXE-

SRÍTSA-

SRÍTSU-
SRIYU-
SRÍYU-
SRUHI-

SRÚNA-

SRÚNÁ-

SRÚNSA-
SRUQSÍ-
SRUQXÍ-
◊SRÚRNA-

SRÚSYE-

25

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

SRÚSYU-

SRUŠA-
SRUTHA-
SRUTHÉ-

SUHA-

•SÚHU-

SUHUN-

SUŁA-
SUŁUTH-
SUŁÚTH-

#SÚNÁ-

a reflection on the water (IX), false
image, an idiot (someone who dives
after false images) (‡)
(†)cosa, oggetto, item (+ Class) (‡)
†rabbit, bunny (♂) (IV)
to land on (while attacking), A
crush prey while landing on it
to be hunched, to be balled up, to be
hunchbacked, †a hunched creature
(‡)
to dive out of the sun on an animal
on the ground, hawk (II), drago
which dives onto an animal from
out of the sun
†song
bird
species) (VI)
choice, decision (XII)
†snake, serpent (VI)
†swift, sharp, darting, darting thing
(‡),†planet (swift celestial thing)
(VII)

(undifferentiated

Trans. V:
Refl. V:

Noun-Verb:

to organize, to interfere
to organize oneself, to worry
oneself to death

†gods, mighty spirits (VII)
†ghost, spirit (VI)

Adjective:
Adverb:

organized, orderly
ordered manner

SÚNHÉ-
SUNHÍ-
SUNRI-

SUNÚTH-

SÚRUTH-
•SÚRÚTH-
SUSA-

SÚSÉ-

SUSHI-
SUSHÍ-
SUSHÚ-
SUSÍ-

lure, to draw

liver (‡)
sinew, tendons (‡)
A
In, to draw
something closer (to kill or pounce
on it)
for a blizzard to blow, blizzard,
snowstorm (compare with xarhu-)
(VIII)
udder (‡)
wing, to fly (non-draconic) (‡)
double, pair, “two” (‡), Rigel (star
in Orion)
†a growling creature (‡), to growl,
to growl at, to warn off
breastbone (‡)
to dive steeply and very fast
massive stone, big boulder (X)
backwards, back, behind (‡)

26

SUSRÚN-

SUSÚ-
SÚSÚŁ-
SUSUN-

SUŠU-
◊SUŠUN-

SÚTHUN-
SUTSÉ-

SWÁHA-
SWAHAN-

◊SWAHÚ-

SWÁNE-

SWÁNSA-
SWASI-

SWATHÍ-

SWÁTHÍ-

SWÉHÉ-
SWEHÍ-

SWÉRÍ-
SWESA-
SWÉTHA-
SWÉTSÍ-

SWÉTSU-
SWÍNA-

SWIRI-
◊SWÍSÚN-
SWIXŁÁ-

•SWITH(Í)-

edge of an object (‡), edge of stone,
precipice or cliff’s edge (X)
ash tree (IX)
silt (usually innumerable) (X, IX)
for a ♀ animal to sweat, sweat of a
♀ animale (‡)
feet, to walk (‡)
little twigs, tiny branches (IX, XI,
XII) (singular is naqxí-)
upper right back (direzione) (‡)
dorsal fin of a fish, †whale, dolphin
(V, XII)
fish eggs (V)
submerged sandbar (IX due to its
changeable nature, X)
sliver of wood, tiny piece of wood
(plural is raši-) (XI, XII)
riverbank (IX as it is changeable, X
when one wishes to focus on
location)
to pass to, to give to
thick, piled up, billowing clouds
(generally plural) (VIII)
to be ultraviolet in color, a thing
which is ultraviolet (‡)
explore, look around, looking for
nothing in particular
song, tune, poem (VIII)
rosso, the color red (XII), the planet
Mars (VII)
consequence, result (XII)
underground river (IX)
†rabbit, bunny (♀) (IV)
trail made out of crushed plants,
crushed plants which make a trail
(IX), old trail of crushed plants
(XI)
broken, torn, busted
to be messed up, to be chaotic and
jumbled
†seagull, seabird (VI)
thighbones (singular is sreha-) (‡)
to suck, to draw out, to suck poison
out
Qui, right here, where I am
(direzione) (‡)

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

SHAHÚ-

SHAŁE-

#SHANA-

SHANÁ-

SHANSHI-

SHÁNYÁ-

SHAQSE-
SHÁRÁ-

SHÁSE-
SHÁS(NU)-

SHASÚ-
#•SHASWÁ-

SHAŠA-
SHAŠI-

SH

deer

terrible,

to have

surprised,

astonished,

to possess,

(undifferentiated

†young
genere) (IV)
to own,
(alienable only)
cattivo, Cattivo, unpleasant,
inedible (‡)
surprise,
startled
staccato, rapid and sharp sounds (Di
prey moving through bushes while
suoni?)
running and making
(VIII)
to dip, to lap, dunk into, reach into
l'acqua
†wasps (usually innumerable) (VI)
to dislike, to not desire, to want to
be away from
hillock, little hill (X)
pain, hurt, woe, hurt creature,
damaged item (‡)
inseguire, to run after
†enemy,
(undifferentiated ownership) (IO)
(hollow) bird bones (‡)
(Generalmente
prints
possessed in some way, referring to
the species which left them) (IX)

opponent

snow

IL

In

•SHÁTHUN- name, to be called, to be addressed

SHAXÚN-

◊SHÁTSÁ-

SHAYA-

SHAWÍ-
SHENÍ-

SHÉQXÁ-

È

form

xúxu-)

(VIII)
flood, dramatic flush of water,
rushing waves (IX)
bunch of eggs, clutch of eggs
(‡,
(singolare
typically draconic)
a thin cut, a slit (‡), to split bones
or flesh open, to slash open, A
disembowel
to be melancholy and listlessness
“ocean” clouds (very damp and
quickly moving) (VIII)
for something to happen which
usually does not, something or (†)
someone to usually not have a
particolare
o
tendency but which does at the
time spoken of (contrast with the
term wéri-) (‡)

characteristic

SHEQXU-
•SHÉQXU-

SHERA-
◊SHÉRYA-

SHEŠÍ-

SHEŠU-

SHÉŠU-

SHETSÍ-
SHÉXU-
SHÉXÚ-

•SHEYA-
SHEYÁ-

SHÉYAŁ-
SHINSU-

SHINU-
SHÍNYA-

SHÍN(YÍ)-

SHISHÍ-
SHÍSHÍ-

SHIWÁ-
SHÍWE-
◊SHIYE-

SHIYI-
•◊SHÚNA-

27

A

A

lift

pianeta

struggle

(undifferentiated

to bite off, to remove with the teeth
to chant with a pulsing rhythm, UN
chant with a pulsing rhythm (VIII)
isthmus or neck of land (X)
to mourn, to feel sadness over death
(0f a mate or friend), mourning
(VIII), †a mourning creature (‡)
(plural form is syarí-)
A
strain,
something up
to be surprised at a rustle in the
bushes or in the forest, to be
startled by a rustling sound, an
unexpected rustle of the bushes
(VIII)
madness, insanity, †mad creature
(VII),
(‡),†retrograde
terrible weather (VIII), unruly
cosa (‡)
yarrow plant (IX)
incline, slope (X)
†ally,
amico
ownership) (IO)
to slay (one Kindred upon another)
to be apart, to be not together (NO
mention of distance), two things
apart (‡)
acid, acidic liquid (IX)
to sprinkle, to cover with dust or
acqua, spots or flecks (‡, but usually
XII)
to attack as a pair or group
to stalk, to move quietly, to creep
up on silently, a stalking creature
(‡)
arc, hook, claw (non-draconic),
arching, crescent moon (‡)
†blue whale (V)
to lead astray, to go in the wrong
direzione (by travel only, does not
imply wrongness or incorrectness
generalmente)
algae (IX)
tin, tinnish stone (X)
hoarfrost (singular form weša-)
(IX)
†stork (VI)
†dragons (plural form of the root
sihá-) (IO)

Srinawesin: Il linguaggio dei fratelli

SHÚNÉ-
SHÚNU-

SHÚRA-

SHURÉ-
SHUSU-
SHÚSYI-
SHUXU-

#SYANU-
SYÁRÚ-
SYÁHU-

SYÁQXÍ-
◊SYARÍ-

SYAŠÉ-
SYASHÉ-
SYASYÁ-
SYÁWE-
SYEHÚ-

◊SYÉNSÚ-

•SYEQSU-

#SYERÁ-

(◊)SYERU-

◊SYESÁ-

SYESHE-

the act of mating

†seal (♀) (V, IV)
to mate,
(draconic)
“falling mist,” extremely light rain
(VIII)
lung (‡)
cold weather, temperature (VIII)
loamy, buio, wet earth (X)
to spit, to vomit out

SY

†impatient fool, impatience (‡)
†salmon (V)
bright, brightly, bright thing (‡),
bright celestial object (euphemism
for both the Sun and Moon when
the Stars when
plural
e
innumerable (VII)),
full moon
(VII)
shoulder blade (‡)
to mourn, to feel sadness over death
(0f a mate or friend), mourning
(VIII), †mourning creatures (‡)
(singular form is shérya-)
†slug (IV)
haunch, back leg, thigh (‡)
†goat (♂) (IV)
†sparrow, sparrow-like bird (VI)
†Mars (VII), to loop, to move in a
loop, to make a hoop
to be brave, to lack fear, bravery,
lack of fear (VII), †a brave creature
(‡) (plural form is húrún-)
to be broken (a creature’s limb or
body-part), an animal’s broken
limb (‡)
to be excitable, excited, jittery,
fidgeting, †a fidgeting creature (‡)
vines, ivy, to creep, to climb up
steadily (singular form is šnaya-)
(IX)
to dream, to move around and
make sounds while sleeping, †a
dream (VII), †a creature which is
sognando (‡) (plural form is húsyú-)
for a large piece of ice to fall off of
a glacier and into the sea, the sound