Exolang Phonology: Vixzrinddyig

Autore: Paul Hartzer

Data della SM: 06-21-2012

Data FL: 07-01-2012

Numero FL: Florida-00000UN-00

Citazione: Hartzer, Paolo. 2012. “Exolang Phonology:

Vixzrinddyig.” Florida-00000UN-00, Fiat Lingua,
. ragnatela. 01 Jul. 2012.

Diritto d'autore: © 2012 Paul Hartzer. Questo lavoro è concesso in licenza

sotto un'attribuzione Creative Commons-
Non commerciale, senza derivati ​​3.0 Licenza non trasportata.

!
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

Fiat Lingua è prodotto e gestito dalla Language Creation Society (LCS). Per ulteriori informazioni
riguardo alla LCS, visita http://www.conlang.org/

Exolang Phonology: Vixzrinddyig

By Paul Hartzer

Abstract

Natural language phonology is restricted by human anatomy. Allo stesso modo,
conlangs with a spoken component which are intended to be spoken by
humans begin with similar phonetic parameters, although they can
include sounds not typically used in natural languages. Exolangs are not
similarly limited by restrictions of human anatomy. Tuttavia, with this
freedom comes a new challenge: Just as details of human anatomy
contribute to our phonetic parameters, exolang phonetic profiles ought
likewise to be justified by anatomical characteristics of the sentient
species using it. Anche, from a practical level, there is the danger in
making an exolang so alien it becomes inaccessible to human audiences.
Vixzrinddyig was designed for an alien species whose articulatory
system is similar, but not identical, to that of humans. Di conseguenza, its
phonology is comprehendible to humans but alien nonetheless. Questo
article discusses the linguistic strategies used in devising the phonology
profile of Vixzrinddyig.

Sfondo
In the Star Trek episode “This Side of Paradise,” Spock is asked his surname by a human
carattere, and responds, “You couldn’t pronounce it” (Memory-Alpha Wiki,
This_Side_of_Paradise_%28episode%29 ). This line, along with the absence throughout the show
of any other name for Spock, has been taken as canon that Vulcan names are not pronounceable,
despite any obvious difference in physiology between Vulcan and human oral articulators (e
also despite a reference in another Star Trek episode by Spock’s mother, who is human, that she
can say the surname, albeit only “after a fashion, and after many years of practice”) (Memoria-
Alpha Wiki, Talk:Spock).

Inspired by this, when I was creating a language for an alien species, I decided to explore making
a language that is indeed physically unpronounceable by humans. Tuttavia, because any readers
of my work would presumably be human, I was concerned about making the language accessible
to them. Anche, my story featured two interacting sentient species, one of which did have the same
basic articulators as humans and which needed for narrative reasons to be able to speak the more
alien language, Vixzrinddyig, at least “after a fashion.” For these reasons, I decided to add a single
feature to Vixzrinddyig (the feature is represented in the orthography as , and so the

pronunciation of the language name itself requires an understanding of the feature). As the
language evolved, I decided to also restrict the more alien language in a particular way as well, COSÌ
as to balance the linguistic obstacles on each side of the sentient equation.

I use the broader Conlang Wiki (Conlang_terminology) definition of exolang: “A language spoken
by fictional nonhuman aliens.” It happens that Vixzrinddyig is, further, a language that “also
violates human language universals,” but it’s unclear whether Vulcan likewise does.

In this article, I first briefly discuss how human physiology and psychology limit our phonetic
palette. Then I discuss exolang phonology, using my strategies with regard to Vixzrinddyig
specifically to illustrate the development of a language that’s alien, but not too alien.

Phonological restrictions in natural languages
The sounds of human language are created primarily by pushing compressed air rapidly first
through the larynx (voicebox), then through the oral cavity which has been configured to produce
specific sounds (Perkins and Kent, 6-7). This simple description, Tuttavia, belies the actual
complexities. In pratica, our oral cavity is being configured at a rate perhaps twice as fast as we
can consciously control (Perkins and Kent, 4). A number of muscles and bones are involved in
articulatory configuration, adjusting five basic active articulators (Crystal, 130-131):

1. The pharynx, the tube in the throat above the larynx; pharyngeal fricatives are common in

the Semitic languages, such as Arabic.

2. The velum (or soft palate), the soft back portion of the roof of the mouth, which can be

opened for nasal sounds or closed for non-nasal sounds.

3. The mandible (or jawbone), which can be moved up or down to a variety of angles.
4. The tongue, which can be raised or lowered, pulled backward or forward, and shaped flat,

in a trough, or curled backwards.

5. The lips, which can be rounded, pressed against the teeth, relaxed, jutted forward, e così

forth.

These articulators are called active because they are moved during the speech process to create
constrictions in the airflow, adjusting the contours of the sound waves created by air passing
through the larynx out of the lungs. The most important passive articulators (questo è, the parts of
the vocal tract that don’t move) are the upper teeth, the alveolar ridge (the angled portion of the
roof of the mouth directly behind the teeth), and the hard palate (the roof of the mouth) (Crystal,
130).

While there are other ways to make predictable sounds using the human articulatory system, IL
overwhelming majority of sounds which appear in human languages use the egressive pulmonic
airstream described above.

The palette of sounds available to a human is limited by our anatomy; we cannot, per esempio,
trumpet as fully as an elephant, even if some of us can do a passable impression. Allo stesso modo, Quando

there are anatomical defects to some portion of a human’s vocal tract, their palette is limited; per
instance, having a cleft palate can noticeably affect language production: “The characteristics of
cleft palate speech include hypernasality, nasal emission, weak or strong expiratory air, weak
pressure consonants (oral obstruents, per esempio., stops, fricatives, affricates), and compensatory glottal
replacement, glottal reinforcement, and backing” (Shahin, 1). Similar sorts of compensation would
be necessary for non-humans; since non-primate mammals have cleft upper lips, quale dentro
humans make it more difficult to produce bilabial stops such as [P] e [b] (Nagarajan et al.), UN
cat like Puss in Boots could not accurately say his own name.

As mentioned above, we do further limit our sound palette beyond anatomical restrictions. Per
instance, the click is widely produced as a dismissive sound effect (spelled “tsk-tsk” or “tut tut”)
among English speakers and others, so there is no obvious reason why it couldn’t be a part of a
language’s sound palette. Tuttavia, clicks only appear in the phonemic system of a handful of
lingue, most famously in southern Africa. Clicks are produced by creating and releasing a
small pocket of air in the vocal cavity, and do not rely on the greater pulmonic airstream for
production (Infatti, clicks can be made while either inhaling or exhaling through the nose)
(Crystal, 126).

Allo stesso modo, other sounds found rarely or never in human phonemic inventories include whistling,
sucking, yawns, e così via. Humans can make these noises fairly reliably with their mouth, Ma
generally choose not to use them as meaningful linguistic signs. Certain articulator combinations
are also rare or unknown, such as pressing the lower teeth against the upper lip or placing the tip
of the tongue on the front of the upper lip. These are not unusual mouth positions (my infant, per
instance, regularly includes a consonant formed by hitting his lower gumline against his upper
lip), but are nonetheless generally excluded from phonemic inventories.

Following the Critical Age hypothesis as it relates to phonetics (per esempio., Hakuta et al.), it is more
difficult for adults to learn to produce sound distinctions that are foreign to their native languages
than for young children. Quindi, if a language were encountered that contained speech sounds not
present in human languages, even if they could be produced by the human mouth, it would be
theoretically be fairly difficult for adult humans to learn to produce.

Returning to the issue of whether humans can properly articulate Vulcan, another relevant
restriction relates to perception. As Beckman (226) writes, “Certain sorts of acoustic continua are
perceived categorically or continuously depending on whether the subjects are instructed to hear
the stimuli as speech or as nonspeech.” For example, while the human mouth can make a virtually
infinite number of articulatory distinctions between canonical [da] and canonical [ga], the human
brain will tend to cluster artificially created sounds between [da] e [ga] into /da/ and /ga/. Questo
is not a universal, but is a very strong tendency, in contrast to similar language specific perceptual
distinctions (ad esempio, per esempio, the English speaker’s perceptual conflation of [P] e [ph] into
/p/, while many other languages distinguish these as different phonemes).

The limits of exolang phonetics
There are thus three major reasons why a human being would be obstructed from satisfactorily
producing the sounds from a non-human language, such as Vulcan:

1. The non-human has articulators which humans do not have analogs for, and therefore

humans are physically incapable of adequately replicating the sounds.

2. The non-human language uses types of articulations that humans are not as a rule

accustomed to using as speech, such as clicking or whistling.

3. The non-human language distinguishes sounds which are perceptually indistinguishable

by humans.

If the differences were limited to the second sort, the exolang could be pronounceable by a
human with some degree of practice, and could theoretically be learned by a human child
growing up with that language as a native one. If the differences included the third sort but
excluded the first part, it’s unclear the degree to which a human (even a child) could learn to
speak it fluently. Exolangs with differences of the first sort might be approximated but never fully
mastered by humans.

While we’re theoretically limited in developing human-based spoken conlangs based on our
articulatory and perceptual limitations, there’s no such restriction when creating languages
spoken by other creatures.

Da un lato, this gives us a great deal of freedom when creating exolangs, limited only by our
imaginations. We could create creatures with long snouts and tongues, double sets of lungs, molto
flexible lips, e così via. We could create different modes of making noise through a variety of
anatomical nuances. Any anatomical details could have ramifications on the phonology of the
exolang. Per esempio, imagine a creature with a long snout and a flexible tongue. While humans
tend to only distinguish six points of constriction along the palate (represented by the voiceless
fricatives [θ], [s], [ʃ], [ʂ], [C], e [X]), such a creature could distinguish a dozen or more. UN
creature with multiple lungs or an otherwise more complicated breathing system might be able to
mix multiple airstreams for more complex coarticulations than what is available to humans.

D'altra parte, Anche se, the most likely audience for our languages is other human readers, COSÌ
the stranger we make the language, the more difficult it will be for readers to auralize. Naturalmente,,
it’s possible that our primary goal is to explore the limits of communication, and the ability for
others to auralize how the language will sound isn’t particularly important to us, at least when
compared to other considerations. When I designed Vixzrinddyig, I was focused on creating a
language that would be used in fiction to be read by others, and therefore reader accessibility was
a central consideration.

The Indzugand articulatory system
The Indzugand ([ɦ ͂øn ʝɯ ŋ ͂ɤn]) are a hominid race of my own creation. They have a vaguely
human bone structure, except for certain facial features resembling bats, gills in the upper throat
used in articulation, and vestigial wings; they share the planet Galladus with another sentient
race, Arbans, who much more closely resemble humans (including having an articulatory system
that would allow humans to satisfactorily fully reproduce their languages). Both Indzugands and
Arbans have multiple languages; this addresses another of my complaints about exolangs, cioè.,
that in science fiction, planets are often and unrealistically monolingual, to the degree that the
names of planets are the names of languages (per esempio., the Star Trek world, where Vulcan is spoken on
Vulcan, Klingon is spoken on Klingon, e così via).

The two main characteristics of the Indzugand articulatory system that affects human
reproduction of the sounds are the aforementioned gills and filtration webbing in the voicebox
which prevents Indzugands from being able to fully devoice sounds. This provides an intentional
balance between Indzugand and Arban phonetics, since there are sounds each species can make
that the other can’t adequately reproduce.

During speech, the default state for Indzugand gills is to be closed, as with the velum (questo è, Appena
as nasalization is the marked state in human languages, both nasalization and gilling is marked in
Indzugand languages). Opening the gills during speech creates a softened, blurred effect,
something like an exaggerated hiss on a poorly mastered audio tape (and not completely unlike a
breathy voice). Both the gills and the velum can be opened at the same time, although this is not
done in Vixzrinddyig (native Vixzrinddyig-speaking Indzugands have difficulty with gilled nasals
for the same reasons English speakers have difficulty with clicks, and tend to see such sounds as
humorous or primitive).

Indzugands evolved on a part of the planet with oxygen-poor air that required a good deal of
filtration. Their larynges hence evolved with complex musculature that facilitates such filtration
but greatly impedes their ability to create an open airstream. Because there is always some level of
constriction of the voicebox, Indzugands have no clear perceptual sense of a voiceless sound,
although some of them can approximate whispering.

Overview of Vixzrinddyig phonology
When developing Vixzrinddyig, I wanted to create a language that was adequately accessible to
people with no specific linguistic background but also had some underlying complexities for
people with a deeper knowledge of linguistics. To that end, I gave it a completely phonemic
orthography (so that an understanding of specific pronunciation wasn’t necessary to read it) e
some phonotactic rules I found interesting. Since this is an exolang from a creature with an
articulatory system that is different from that of humans, any phonetic representation will
necessarily be approximate.

The phonemic inventory is relatively small. Setting aside nasalization and gilling for the moment,
consonants have three places of articulation (labial, coronal, and velar) and three manners of
articulation (stop, fricative, and glide). There are also three vowels (front, mid, and back). Questo
yields twelve phonemes:

Stop
Fricative
Glide

High
Mid
Low

Labial
b
v
w

Front
si

Coronal
d
z.z
ɹ

Mid

UN

Velar
g
ɣ
j

Back
ɯ

In most cases, these correspond to the characters used in transliterations (Vixzrinddyig also has
its own orthography). The exceptions are /ɣ/, /ɹ/, /j/, /y/, and /ɯ/, which are written as , ,
, , e , rispettivamente.