Marcus Aurelius (121—180 C.E.) The philosophy of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius can be found in a collection of personal writings known as the Meditations. These reflect the influence of Stoicism and, in particolare, IL…
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George Berkeley: Filosofia della scienza
George Berkeley: Philosophy of Science George Berkeley announces at the very outset of Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous that the goals of his philosophical system are to demonstrate the reality of genuine knowledge, IL…
Truthmaker Theory
Truthmaker Theory Truthmaker theory is the branch of metaphysics that explores the relationships between what is true and what exists. Discussions of truthmakers and truthmaking typically start with the idea that truth depends on being,…
Cinici
Cinici Il cinismo ha origine nelle scuole filosofiche dell'antica Grecia che rivendicano un lignaggio socratico. Chiamare i cinici una “scuola”, però, solleva immediatamente una difficoltà per un gruppo così non convenzionale e antiteorico. Their primary…
The Knowledge Argument Against Physicalism
The Knowledge Argument Against Physicalism The knowledge argument is one of the main challenges to physicalism, the doctrine that the world is entirely physical. The argument begins with the claim that there are truths about…
Cheng Yi (1033—1107)
Cheng Yi (1033—1107) Cheng Yi was one of the leading philosophers of Neo-Confucianism in the Song (Sung dynasty (960-1279). Together with his elder brother Cheng Hao (1032-1085), he strove to restore the tradition of Confucius…
Critias (460—403 B.C.E.)
Critias (460—403 B.C.E.) Critias, son of Callaeschrus, an Athenian philosopher, retore, poeta, storico, and political leader, was best known for his leading role in the pro-Spartan government of the Thirty (404-403 BC). But Critias also…
Epistemology and Relativism
Epistemology and Relativism Epistemology is, all'incirca, the philosophical theory of knowledge, its nature and scope. What is the status of epistemological claims? Relativists regard the status of (at least some kinds of) epistemological claims as,…
Contrary-to-Duty Paradox
Contrary-to-Duty Paradox A contrary-to-duty obligation is an obligation telling us what ought to be the case if something that is wrong is true. Per esempio: ‘If you have done something bad, you should make amends’….
Rudolf Carnap (1891—1970)
Rudolf Carnap (1891—1970) Rudolf Carnap, a German-born philosopher and naturalized U.S. citizen, was a leading exponent of logical positivism and was one of the major philosophers of the twentieth century. He made significant contributions to…