Paraconsistent Logic A paraconsistent logic is a way to reason about inconsistent information without lapsing into absurdity. In a non-paraconsistent logic, inconsistency explodes in the sense that if a contradiction obtains, then everything (everything!) else obtains, zu. Someone reasoning with a paraconsistent logic can begin with inconsistent premises—say, a moral dilemma, a Kantian antinomy, or a semantic paradox—and still reach sensible conclusions, without completely exploding

Plotin (204–270 n. Chr.) Plotinus is considered to be the founder of Neoplatonism. Taking his lead from his reading of Plato, Plotinus developed a complex spiritual cosmology involving three foundational elements: the One, the Intelligence, and the Soul. It is from the productive unity of these three Beings that all existence emanates, according to Plotinus. The principal of emanation is not simply causal, but also contemplative.

Laws of Nature Laws of Nature are to be distinguished both from Scientific Laws and from Natural Laws. Neither Natural Laws, as invoked in legal or ethical theories, nor Scientific Laws, which some researchers consider to be scientists’ attempts to state or approximate the Laws of Nature, will be discussed in this article. Stattdessen, it explores issues in contemporary metaphysics. Within metaphysics, there are two competing

Mittelplatonismus Die von Philosophiehistorikern als „Mittelplatonik“ bezeichnete Periode beginnt mit Antiochos von Askalon (ca. 130-68 v. Chr.) und endet mit Plotin (204-70 n. Chr.), der als Begründer des Neuplatonismus gilt. Die mittelplatonischen Philosophen übernahmen die exegetischen und spekulativen Probleme der Alten Akademie, von Platon gegründet und von seinem Nachfolger Speusippus weitergeführt (ca. 407–339 v. Chr.), Xenokrates (ca. 396–314 v. Chr.) ,

Anaxagoras (c.500—428 B.C.E.) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his materialistic views, particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, und

Stoic Philosophy of Mind Stoicism was one of the most important and enduring philosophies to emerge from the Greek and Roman world. The Stoics are well known for their contributions to moral philosophy, and more recently they have also been recognized for their work in logic, grammar, Philosophie der Sprache, and epistemology. This article examines the Stoics’ contributions to philosophy of mind. The Stoics constructed