Stoicism Stoicism originated as a Hellenistic philosophy, founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium (modern day Cyprus), c. 300 B.C.E. It was influenced by Socrates and the Cynics, and it engaged in vigorous debates with the Skeptics, the Academics, and the Epicureans. The name comes from the Stoa Poikile, or painted porch, an open market in Athens where the original Stoics used to meet and teach

Divine Immutability Divine immutability, the claim that God is immutable, is a central part of traditional Christianity, though it has come under sustained attack in the last two hundred years. This article first catalogues the historical precedent for and against this claim, then discusses different answers to the question, “What is it to be immutable?” Two definitions of divine immutability receive careful attention. The first is

Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang, 1887—1969) Zhang Junmai (Chang Chun-mai), also known as Carsun Chang, was an important twentieth-century Chinese thinker and a representative of modern Chinese philosophy. Zhang’s participation in “The Debate between Metaphysicians and Scientists” of 1923, in which he defended his Neo-Confucian views against those of Chinese progressives and scientists, made a strong philosophical impression on an entire generation of Chinese intellectuals by

Scientific Change How do scientific theories, concepts and methods change over time? Answers to this question have historical parts and philosophical parts. There can be descriptive accounts of the recorded differences over time of particular theories, Konzepte, and methods—what might be called the shape of scientific change. Many stories of scientific change attempt to give more than statements of what, where and when change took

Resurrection The term “resurrection” refers to the raising of someone from the dead. The resurrection of the dead brings to the forefront topics from the study of personal identity and philosophical anthropology. Zum Beispiel, some people think that we have souls and that the souls play an important role in resurrection. Others claim that we do not have souls and that this is a reason

Konnektionismus Konnektionismus ist ein Ansatz zur Untersuchung der menschlichen Kognition, der mathematische Modelle nutzt, bekannt als konnektionistische Netze oder künstliche neuronale Netze. Oft, Diese liegen in Form von stark miteinander verbundenen Elementen vor, neuronenähnliche Verarbeitungseinheiten. Es gibt keine scharfe Trennlinie zwischen Konnektionismus und Computational Neuroscience, Aber Konnektionisten neigen häufiger dazu, von den spezifischen Details neuronaler Funktionen abzustrahieren und sich auf die höhere Ebene zu konzentrieren