James Frederick Ferrier (1808—1864) James Frederick Ferrier was a mid-nineteenth-century Scottish metaphysician who developed the first post-Hegelian system of idealism in Britain. Unlike the British Idealists in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he was neither a Kantian nor a Hegelian. Stattdessen, he largely develops his idealist metaphysics via his defense of Berkeley and through his rejection of Thomas Reid’s philosophy of common sense.

Critias (460—403 B.C.E.) Critias, son of Callaeschrus, an Athenian philosopher, rhetorician, Dichter, historian, and political leader, was best known for his leading role in the pro-Spartan government of the Thirty (404-403 BC). But Critias also produced a broad range of works and was a noted poet and teacher in his own time. The fragments of three tragedies and a satyr play, a collection of elegies,

Individualism in Classical Chinese Thought “Individualism” is used here to denote inborn and inalienable prerogatives, powers, or values associated with the self and person as found throughout much of the Chinese philosophical tradition. Unlike individualism in modern European and American contexts, Chinese manifestations of “individualism” do not stress an individual’s separation, total independence, and uniqueness from external authorities of power. Eher, individualism in the Chinese

Collective Intentionality The idea that a collective could be bearer of intentional states such as belief and intention is likely to raise some eyebrows, especially in certain Anglo-American and European philosophical circles. The dominant picture in these circles is that intentionality is a feature of individual minds/brains. On the face of it, groups don’t have minds or brains. How could they have intentional states? Despite

William Mitchell (1861–1962) Sir William Mitchell war der erste große Philosoph, der in Südaustralien lebte. Von 1895 bis 1940 arbeitete er an der Adelaide University hauptsächlich auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Kognitionswissenschaft. Sein Hauptwerk: Struktur und Wachstum des Geistes ist eine Abhandlung über philosophische Psychologie. Mitchell kam den Behauptungen von Nagel zuvor, McGinn, und Chalmers und ihre Betonung auf