Immanuel Kant: Logic For Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), formal logic is one of three paradigms for the methodology of science, along with mathematics and modern-age physics. Formal logic owes this role to its stability and relatively finished state, which Kant claims it has possessed since Aristotle. Kant’s key contribution lies in his focus on the formal and systematic character of logic as a “strongly proven” (apodictic) doctrine.

Renaissance Skepticism The term “Renaissance skepticism” refers to a diverse range of approaches to the problem of knowledge that were inspired by the revitalization of Ancient Greek Skepticism in fifteenth through sixteenth century Europe. Much like its ancient counterpart, Renaissance skepticism refers to a wide array of epistemological positions rather than a single doctrine or unified school of thought. These various positions can be unified

The Brain in a Vat Argument The Brain in a Vat thought-experiment is most commonly used to illustrate global or Cartesian skepticism. You are told to imagine the possibility that at this very moment you are actually a brain hooked up to a sophisticated computer program that can perfectly simulate experiences of the outside world. Here is the skeptical argument. If you cannot now be

Empirical Aesthetics Empirical aesthetics is a research area at the intersection of psychology and neuroscience that aims to understand how people experience, auswerten, and create objects aesthetically. Its central two questions are: How do we experience beauty? How do we experience art? In der Praxis, this means that empirical aesthetics studies (1) prototypically aesthetic responses, such as beauty or chills, und (2) responses to prototypically aesthetic

Modern Morality and Ancient Ethics It is commonly supposed that there is a vital difference between ancient ethics and modern morality. Zum Beispiel, there appears to be a vital difference between virtue ethics and the modern moralities of deontological ethics (Kantianismus) and consequentialism (Utilitarismus). Auf den zweiten Blick, Jedoch, one acknowledges that both ethical approaches have more in common than their stereotypes may suggest. Oversimplification, fallacious