Demonstrativa und Indexika in der Sprachphilosophie, Ein Indexikal ist jeder Ausdruck, dessen Inhalt von einem Verwendungskontext zum anderen variiert. Die Standardliste der Indexikale umfasst Pronomen wie „I“, "Du", "Er", "sie", "Es", "Das", "Das", plus Adverbien wie „jetzt“, "Dann", "Heute", "gestern", "Hier", und „eigentlich“. Weitere Kandidaten sind die Zeitformen von Verben, Adjektive wie „lokal“, und eine Reihe von

Moralische Entwicklung Dieser Beitrag analysiert die moralische Entwicklung als eine immerwährende philosophische Sichtweise, ergänzt durch moderne empirische Forschungsprogramme. Die beiden ersten Abschnitte fassen zusammen, was moralische Entwicklung ist und warum sie für die Ethik und die Theorie der menschlichen Natur wichtig ist. Im Abschnitt „Wurzeln“ werden historische Versionen der natürlichen Entwicklung der Moral aufgeführt, berührt Konfuzius, Aristoteles, Rousseau und Rawls. Die nächsten vier Abschnitte bewerten die aktuelle empirische Forschung in

American Philosophy The term “American Philosophy,” perhaps surprisingly, has been somewhat vague. While it has tended to primarily include philosophical work done by Americans within the geographical confines of the United States, this has not been exclusively the case. Zum Beispiel, Alfred North Whitehead came to the United States relatively late in life. Andererseits, George Santayana spent much of his life outside

Sayyid Qutb (1906—1966) Sayyid Qutb was one of the leading Islamist ideological thinkers of the twentieth century. Living and working in Egypt, he turned to Islamism in his early forties after about two decades as a secular educator and literary writer. As an Islamist, he held that all aspects of society should be conducted according to the Shari’a, das ist, laws of God as derived

Virtue Epistemology Virtue epistemology is a collection of recent approaches to epistemology that give epistemic or intellectual virtue concepts an important and fundamental role. Virtue epistemologists can be divided into two groups, each accepting a different conception of what an intellectual virtue is. Virtue reliabilists conceive of intellectual virtues as stable, reliable and truth-conducive cognitive faculties or powers and cite vision, introspection, memory, und das

Presocratics Presocratic philosophers are the Western thinkers preceding Socrates (c. 469-c. 399 B.C.E.) but including some thinkers who were roughly contemporary with Socrates, such as Protagoras (c. 490-c. 420 B.C.E.). The application of the term “philosophy” to the Presocratics is somewhat anachronistic, but is certainly different from how many people currently think of philosophy. The Presocratics were interested in a wide variety of topics, besonders