René Descartes (1596–1650) René Descartes wird oft als „Vater der modernen Philosophie“ bezeichnet. Dieser Titel ist sowohl durch seinen Bruch mit der zu seiner Zeit vorherrschenden traditionellen scholastisch-aristotelischen Philosophie als auch durch die Entwicklung und Förderung des Neuen gerechtfertigt, Mechanistische Wissenschaften. Sein grundlegender Bruch mit der scholastischen Philosophie hatte zwei Gründe. Erste, Descartes meinte, dass die Methode der Scholastiker angesichts ihrer Bedeutung anfällig für Zweifel sei

Care Ethics The moral theory known as “ the ethics of care” implies that there is moral significance in the fundamental elements of relationships and dependencies in human life. Normatively, care ethics seeks to maintain relationships by contextualizing and promoting the well-being of care-givers and care-receivers in a network of social relations. Most often defined as a practice or virtue rather than a theory as

Nyāya Nyāya (literally “rule or method of reasoning”) is a leading school of philosophy within the “Hindu umbrella”—those communities which saw themselves as the inheritors of the ancient Vedic civilization and allied cultural traditions. Epistemologically, Nyāya develops of a sophisticated precursor to contemporary reliabilism (particularly process reliabilism), centered on the notion of “knowledge-sources” (pramāṇa), and a conception of epistemic responsibility which allows for default, unreflective

Phenomenology In its central use, the term “phenomenology” names a movement in twentieth century philosophy. A second use of “phenomenology” common in contemporary philosophy names a property of some mental states, the property they have if and only if there is something it is like to be in them. So, it is sometimes said that emotional states have a phenomenology while belief states do not.

The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713) Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671-1713) was an English philosopher who profoundly influenced 18th century thought in Britain, Frankreich, and Germany. As a part of an important social circle of English Freethinkers along with early deists such as John Toland, Matthew Tindal, and Anthony Collins, Shaftesbury’s work had a significant influence on French deists such as