The Upaniṣads The Upaniṣads are ancient texts from India that were composed orally in Sanskrit between about 700 B.C.E. and 300 B.C.E. There are thirteen major Upaniṣads, many of which were likely composed by multiple authors and are comprised of a variety of styles. As part of a larger group of texts, known as the Vedas, the Upaniṣads were composed in a ritual context, noch

Nicolas Malebranche: Religion Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715) was a French philosopher and a rationalist in the Cartesian tradition. But he was also an Oratorian priest in the Catholic Church. Religious themes pervade his works, and in several places he clearly affirms his intention to write philosophy as a Catholic. These religious themes are important for understanding his philosophy. As a rationalist, Malebranche places great emphasis on

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908—1961) Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s work is commonly associated with the philosophical movement called existentialism and its intention to begin with an analysis of the concrete experiences, perceptions, and difficulties, of human existence. Aber, he never propounded quite the same extreme accounts of radical freedom, being-towards-death, anguished responsibility, and conflicting relations with others, for which existentialism became both famous and notorious in the 1940s and

Das afrikanische Dilemma Das afrikanische Dilemma ist ein Konzept, das die Gesamtheit der Notlagen erklärt, die das afrikanische Volk bedrohen. Es handelt sich auch um eine Darstellung, die Methoden aus verschiedenen Disziplinen kombiniert, da die Robustheit des Themas nicht nur auf den Bereich der Philosophie beschränkt ist, sondern als Problem für die Betrachtung in den Sozialwissenschaften dient, Wissenschaften, und die Geisteswissenschaften; so befragt es die

Immanuel Kant: Logic For Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), formal logic is one of three paradigms for the methodology of science, along with mathematics and modern-age physics. Formal logic owes this role to its stability and relatively finished state, which Kant claims it has possessed since Aristotle. Kant’s key contribution lies in his focus on the formal and systematic character of logic as a “strongly proven” (apodictic) doctrine.