Time Time is what clocks measure, Einstein once said. Information about time tells the durations of events, and when they occur, and which events happen before which others, so time plays a very significant role in the universe’s structure, including the structure of our personal lives. But there are many unresolved issues, both philosophical and scientific. Consider this issue upon which philosophers are deeply divided:

Anaximander (c. 610—546 B.C.E.) Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy. He speculated and argued about “the Boundless” as the origin of all that is. He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology. Darüber hinaus, Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer. He originated the world-picture of the open universe, which replaced the closed universe of

The Semantic Theory of Truth The semantic theory of truth (STT, Jenseits) was developed by Alfred Tarski in the 1930s. The theory has two separate, although interconnected, aspects. Erste, it is a formal mathematical theory of truth as a central concept of model theory, one of the most important branches of mathematical logic. Zweite, it is also a philosophical doctrine which elaborates the notion of

Free Will Most of us are certain that we have free will, though what exactly this amounts to is much less certain. According to David Hume, the question of the nature of free will is “the most contentious question of metaphysics.” If this is correct, then figuring out what free will is will be no small task indeed. Minimal, to say that an agent has

Kripke’s Wittgenstein Saul Kripke, in his celebrated book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982), offers a novel reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s main remarks in his later works, especially in Philosophical Investigations (1953) und, bis zu einem gewissen Grad, in Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (1956). Kripke presents Wittgenstein as proposing a skeptical argument against a certain conception of meaning and linguistic understanding, as well as