Mental Causation The term “mental causation” applies to causal transactions involving mental events or states, such as beliefs, Wünsche, Gefühle, and perceptions. Typischerweise, the term is used to refer to cases where a mental state causes a physical reaction: Zum Beispiel, the mental state of perceiving a Frisbee flying your way can cause the physical event of your springing up to catch it. It should

American Enlightenment Thought Although there is no consensus about the exact span of time that corresponds to the American Enlightenment, it is safe to say that it occurred during the eighteenth century among thinkers in British North America and the early United States and was inspired by the ideas of the British and French Enlightenments. Based on the metaphor of bringing light to the Dark

Das Lyzeum Das Lyzeum war ein Gymnasium in der Nähe von Athen und der Ort einer von Aristoteles gegründeten philosophischen Schule. Speicherort des Inhaltsverzeichnisses, Strukturen, and Layout of the Lyceum Apodyterion Dromoi and Peripatoi Gymnasium Building Palaistra Sanctuaries Seats Stoas Trees and Streams History of the Use of the Lyceum References and Further Reading 1. Standort, Strukturen, and Layout of the Lyceum Archaeological exploration of the

Metaethics Metaethics is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, Eigenschaften, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theory focus on what is moral, metaethics focuses on what morality itself is. Just as two people may disagree about the ethics of, Zum Beispiel, physician-assisted suicide, while nonetheless agreeing at the more abstract level of

Causal Role Theories of Functional Explanation Functional explanations are a type of explanation offered in the natural and social sciences. In giving these explanations, researchers appeal to the functions that a structure or system has. Zum Beispiel, a biologist might say, “The kidney has the function of eliminating waste products from the bloodstream.” Or a sociologist might say, “The purpose of monogamy is to preserve the