James Frederick Ferrier (1808—1864) James Frederick Ferrier was a mid-nineteenth-century Scottish metaphysician who developed the first post-Hegelian system of idealism in Britain. Unlike the British Idealists in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he was neither a Kantian nor a Hegelian. Stattdessen, he largely develops his idealist metaphysics via his defense of Berkeley and through his rejection of Thomas Reid’s philosophy of common sense.

The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713) Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671-1713) was an English philosopher who profoundly influenced 18th century thought in Britain, Frankreich, and Germany. As a part of an important social circle of English Freethinkers along with early deists such as John Toland, Matthew Tindal, and Anthony Collins, Shaftesbury’s work had a significant influence on French deists such as

Pseudoscience and the Demarcation Problem The demarcation problem in philosophy of science refers to the question of how to meaningfully and reliably separate science from pseudoscience. Both the terms “science” and “pseudoscience” are notoriously difficult to define precisely, except in terms of family resemblance. The demarcation problem has a long history, tracing back at the least to a speech given by Socrates in Plato’s Charmides,

Feministische Ethik und narrative Ethik Ein narrativer Ethikansatz konzentriert sich darauf, wie Geschichten erzählt werden, geschrieben, oder auf andere Weise von Einzelpersonen und Gruppen ausgedrückt werden, tragen dazu bei, unser moralisches Universum zu definieren und zu strukturieren. Speziell, Erzählethiker übernehmen die Praktiken des Geschichtenerzählens, Hören, und einfühlsam sein, Die sorgfältige Beobachtung dieser Geschichten ist von zentraler Bedeutung für das Verständnis und die Bewertung nicht nur der einzigartigen Umstände bestimmter Leben, Aber

Epistemic Modality Epistemic modality is the kind of necessity and possibility that is determined by epistemic constraints. A modal claim is a claim about how things could be or must be given some constraints, such as the rules of logic (logical modality), moral obligations (deontic modality), or the laws of nature (nomic modality). A modal claim is epistemic when these constraints are epistemic in nature,

The Hard Problem of Consciousness The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining why any physical state is conscious rather than nonconscious. It is the problem of explaining why there is “something it is like” for a subject in conscious experience, why conscious mental states “light up” and directly appear to the subject. The usual methods of science involve explanation of functional, dynamical,