René Descartes: Wissenschaftliche Methode René Descartes‘ Hauptwerk über wissenschaftliche Methoden war der Diskurs, der 1637 veröffentlicht wurde (vollständiger: Diskurs über die Methode, die eigene Vernunft richtig zu lenken und in den Wissenschaften nach Wahrheit zu suchen). Er veröffentlichte weitere Werke, die sich mit Methodenproblemen befassen, Dies bleibt jedoch für jedes Verständnis der kartesischen Wissenschaftsmethode von zentraler Bedeutung. Das gemeinsame Bild von Descartes ist eins

Gender in Chinese Philosophy The concept of gender is foundational to the general approach of Chinese thinkers. Yin and yang, core elements of Chinese cosmogony, involve correlative aspects of “dark and light,” “female and male,” and “soft and hard.” These notions, with their deeply-rooted gender connotations, recognize the necessity of interplay between these different forces in generating and carrying forward the world. The major thinkers

Neo-Kantianism By its broadest definition, the term ‘Neo-Kantianism’ names any thinker after Kant who both engages substantively with the basic ramifications of his transcendental idealism and casts their own project at least roughly within his terminological framework. In diesem Sinne, thinkers as diverse as Schopenhauer, Mach, Husserl, Foucault, Strawson, Kuhn, Sellers, Nancy, Korsgaard, and Friedman could loosely be considered Neo-Kantian. Genauer gesagt, ‘Neo-Kantianism’ refers to

Thomas Reid: Philosophy of Mind This article focuses on the philosophy of mind of Thomas Reid (1710-1796), as presented in An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764) and Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785). Reid’s action theory and his views on what makes humans morally worthy agents, although connected to philosophy of mind, are not explored here.

Pacifism Pacifism is the theory that peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse and that arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes. Pacifism is as much an element of Western thinking as is the notion of Just War Theory, the argument that the state may legitimately or morally bear arms. While most people accept the necessity of war,

Wilfrid Sellars: Philosophy of Mind The twentieth century philosophy of mind of Wilfrid Sellars (1912 – 1989) retains much from the traditional, Cartesian perspective. It endorses a realm of inner, private episodes of which we may have direct knowledge. Aber, Sellars rejects Cartesian substance dualism and the thesis that mental states are fully knowable simply by introspection. Als Alternative, Sellars conceives of mental states by