Institutionentheorie Die Institutionentheorie ist eine sehr allgemeine mathematische Untersuchung formaler logischer Systeme – mit Schwerpunkt auf der Semantik –, die nicht auf ein bestimmtes konkretes logisches System festgelegt ist. Dies basiert auf einer mathematischen Definition für den informellen Begriff des logischen Systems, Institution genannt, Dazu gehören sowohl Syntax und Semantik als auch die Beziehung zwischen ihnen. Aufgrund seines sehr hohen Abstraktionsniveaus, Diese Definition kommt nicht nur entgegen

Modern Morality and Ancient Ethics It is commonly supposed that there is a vital difference between ancient ethics and modern morality. Zum Beispiel, there appears to be a vital difference between virtue ethics and the modern moralities of deontological ethics (Kantianismus) and consequentialism (Utilitarismus). Auf den zweiten Blick, Jedoch, one acknowledges that both ethical approaches have more in common than their stereotypes may suggest. Oversimplification, fallacious

Autonomy Autonomy is an individual’s capacity for self-determination or self-governance. Beyond that, it is a much-contested concept that comes up in a number of different arenas. Zum Beispiel, there is the folk concept of autonomy, which usually operates as an inchoate desire for freedom in some area of one’s life, and which may or may not be connected with the agent’s idea of the moral

Set Theory Set Theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates sets and their properties. The basic concepts of set theory are fairly easy to understand and appear to be self-evident. Aber, despite its apparent simplicity, set theory turns out to be a very sophisticated subject. Besonders, mathematicians have shown that virtually all mathematical concepts and results can be formalized within the theory of

Kripke’s Wittgenstein Saul Kripke, in his celebrated book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982), offers a novel reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s main remarks in his later works, especially in Philosophical Investigations (1953) und, bis zu einem gewissen Grad, in Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (1956). Kripke presents Wittgenstein as proposing a skeptical argument against a certain conception of meaning and linguistic understanding, as well as

Critias (460—403 B.C.E.) Critias, son of Callaeschrus, an Athenian philosopher, rhetorician, Dichter, historian, and political leader, was best known for his leading role in the pro-Spartan government of the Thirty (404-403 BC). But Critias also produced a broad range of works and was a noted poet and teacher in his own time. The fragments of three tragedies and a satyr play, a collection of elegies,