Ludwig Wittgenstein: Later Philosophy of Mathematics Mathematics was a central and constant preoccupation for Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951). He started in philosophy by reflecting on the nature of mathematics and logic; und, at the end of his life, his manuscripts on these topics amounted to thousands of pages, including notebooks and correspondence. Im Jahr 1944, he said his primary contribution to philosophy was in the philosophy of

American Philosophy The term “American Philosophy,” perhaps surprisingly, has been somewhat vague. While it has tended to primarily include philosophical work done by Americans within the geographical confines of the United States, this has not been exclusively the case. Zum Beispiel, Alfred North Whitehead came to the United States relatively late in life. Andererseits, George Santayana spent much of his life outside

Existence Since Thales fell into the well while gazing at the stars, philosophers have invested considerable effort in trying to understand what, how and why things exist. Even though much ink has been spilled about those questions, this article focuses on the following three questions: (1) What is the nature of existence? (2) Are there different ways/modes of existing? (3) Why does something exist instead

Simone Weil (1909—1943) The French philosopher Simone Weil is a confronting and disconcerting figure in modern philosophy. This is not simply because she was so many things at once—ascetic and mystic, teacher and factory worker, labour activist and political militant, social thinker and piercing moral psychologist, critical Marxist and heterodox Christian theologian—but because of the striking “untimeliness” of her thought. For unlike philosophers in the