Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov (1829—1903) Fedorov’s thoughts have been variously described as bold, culminating, curious, easily-misunderstood, extrem, hazy, idealist, naive, of-value, scientifico-magical, special, unerwartet, unique, and utopian. Many of the small number of philosophers familiar with Fedorov admit his originality, his independence, his human concern, perhaps even his logic — up to a point. But his resurrection project is viewed with understandable skepticism and often dismissed

Foreknowledge and Free Will Suppose it were known, by someone else, what you are going to choose to do tomorrow. Wouldn’t that entail that tomorrow you must do what it was known in advance that you would do? In spite of your deliberating and planning, am Ende, all is futile: you must choose exactly as it was earlier known that you would. The supposed

Environmental Ethics The field of environmental ethics concerns human beings’ ethical relationship with the natural environment. While numerous philosophers have written on this topic throughout history, environmental ethics only developed into a specific philosophical discipline in the 1970s. This emergence was no doubt due to the increasing awareness in the 1960s of the effects that technology, industry, economic expansion and population growth were having on

Chinesische Philosophie: Überblick über die Geschichte Bis zur modernen Periode des westlichen Einflusses auf die chinesische Kultur gab es keine Bemühungen, eine umfassende Geschichte der chinesischen Philosophie zu schreiben. Das soll nicht heißen, dass chinesische Denker sich nicht gezielt mit Philosophen früherer oder zeitgenössischer Epochen beschäftigt hätten. Was uns als letztes Kapitel des Zhuangzi überliefert ist (CH. 33, Tian Xia „Unter

Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900—2002) Hans-Georg Gadamer was a leading Continental philosopher of the twentieth century. His importance lies in his development of hermeneutic philosophy. Hermeneutik, “the art of interpretation,” originated in biblical and legal fields and was later extended to all texts. Martin Heidegger, Gadamer’s teacher, completed the universalizing of the scope of hermeneutics by extending it beyond texts to all forms of human understanding. Daher

Plato: Political Philosophy Plato (c. 427-347 B.C.E.) developed such distinct areas of philosophy as epistemology, Metaphysik, Ethik, und Ästhetik. His deep influence on Western philosophy is asserted in the famous remark of Alfred North Whitehead: “the safest characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.” He was also the prototypical political philosopher whose ideas had a