Zhang Zai (Chang Tsai, 1020–1077) Zhang Zai war einer der Pioniere der philosophischen Bewegung der Song-Dynastie namens „Studium des Weges“.,„oft als Neokonfuzianismus bekannt. Eines der markantesten Merkmale vieler dieser damals formulierten neuen Denkweisen war ein zunehmendes Interesse an der Metaphysik, normalerweise vom Klassiker der Veränderungen beeinflusst (Yijing). Zhangs bedeutendste Beiträge zur chinesischen Philosophie

Constructive Mathematics Constructive mathematics is positively characterized by the requirement that proof be algorithmic. Grob gesagt, this means that when a (mathematical) object is asserted to exist, an explicit example is given: a constructive existence proof demonstrates the existence of a mathematical object by outlining a method of finding (“constructing”) such an object. The emphasis in constructive theory is placed on hands-on provability, Statt

Logical Paradoxes A paradox is generally a puzzling conclusion we seem to be driven towards by our reasoning, but which is highly counterintuitive, Trotzdem. Es gibt, among these, a large variety of paradoxes of a logical nature which have teased even professional logicians, in some cases for several millennia. But what are now sometimes isolated as “the logical paradoxes” are a much less heterogeneous collection:

Haskell Brooks Curry (1900-1982) Haskell Brooks Curry war ein mathematischer Logiker, der eine ausgeprägte Philosophie der Mathematik entwickelte. Die meisten seiner Arbeiten waren technischer Natur: Er war der Hauptentwickler der kombinatorischen Logik, was heutzutage in der theoretischen Informatik eine Rolle spielt. Dieser Formalismus sollte ursprünglich als Grundlage für ein System symbolischer Logik im üblichen Sinne dienen, aber das ursprüngliche System hat sich geändert

Empirical Aesthetics Empirical aesthetics is a research area at the intersection of psychology and neuroscience that aims to understand how people experience, auswerten, and create objects aesthetically. Its central two questions are: How do we experience beauty? How do we experience art? In der Praxis, this means that empirical aesthetics studies (1) prototypically aesthetic responses, such as beauty or chills, und (2) responses to prototypically aesthetic

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839—1914) C.S. Peirce was a scientist and philosopher best known as the earliest proponent of pragmatism. An influential thinker and polymath, Peirce is among the greatest of American minds. His thought was a seminal influence upon William James, his life long friend, and upon John Dewey, his one-time student. James and Dewey went on to popularize pragmatism thereby achieving what Peirce’s inability