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George Santayana (1863—1952) George Santayana was an influential 20th century American thinker whose philosophy connected a rich diversity of historical perspectives, culminating in a unique and unrivaled form of materialism, one recommending a bold reconciliation of spirit and nature. Santayana was also a poet, and he wrote a work of fiction, The Last Puritan, that was a Book of the Month Club selection in 1936,
David Lewis (1941–2001) David Lewis was an American philosopher and one of the last generalists, in the sense that he was one of the last philosophers who contributed to the great majority of sub-fields of the discipline. He made central contributions in metaphysics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. He also made important contributions in probabilistic and practical reasoning, Erkenntnistheorie, the philosophy
Panpsychism Panpsychism is the view that all things have a mind or a mind-like quality. The word itself was coined by the Italian philosopher Francesco Patrizi in the sixteenth century, and derives from the two Greek words pan (alle) and psyche (soul or mind). This definition is quite general, and raises two immediate questions: (1) What does one mean by “all things”? (2) What does one mean
Benedikt von Spinoza: Moral Philosophy Like many European philosophers in the early modern period, Benedikt von Spinoza (1632-1677) developed a moral philosophy that fused the insights of ancient theories of virtue with a modern conception of humans, their place in nature, and their relationship to God. Unlike many other authors in this period, Jedoch, Spinoza was strongly opposed to anthropocentrism and had no commitment whatsoever
Constructive Mathematics Constructive mathematics is positively characterized by the requirement that proof be algorithmic. Grob gesagt, this means that when a (mathematical) object is asserted to exist, an explicit example is given: a constructive existence proof demonstrates the existence of a mathematical object by outlining a method of finding (“constructing”) such an object. The emphasis in constructive theory is placed on hands-on provability, Statt
Rechtshermeneutik Die Frage, wie man die Bedeutung eines bestimmten Textes am besten bestimmen kann (legal oder nicht) war schon immer das Hauptanliegen des allgemeinen Forschungsgebiets, das als Hermeneutik bekannt ist. Die Rechtshermeneutik hat ihre Wurzeln in der philosophischen Hermeneutik und beschäftigt sich mit der Natur der rechtlichen Bedeutung. Die Rechtshermeneutik stellt die folgenden Fragen: Wie kommen wir zu einer Entscheidung?