Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908—1961) Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s work is commonly associated with the philosophical movement called existentialism and its intention to begin with an analysis of the concrete experiences, perceptions, and difficulties, of human existence. Aber, he never propounded quite the same extreme accounts of radical freedom, being-towards-death, anguished responsibility, and conflicting relations with others, for which existentialism became both famous and notorious in the 1940s and

The Indispensability Argument in the Philosophy of Mathematics In his seminal 1973 paper, “Mathematical Truth,” Paul Benacerraf presented a problem facing all accounts of mathematical truth and knowledge. Standard readings of mathematical claims entail the existence of mathematical objects. Aber, our best epistemic theories seem to deny that knowledge of mathematical objects is possible. So, the philosopher of mathematics faces a dilemma: either abandon standard

Agnes Arnauld (1593–1671) Eine Äbtissin des Jansenistenklosters von Port-Royal, Mère Agnès Arnauld entwickelte eine augustinische Philosophie, die von den mystischen Strömungen der französischen Gegenreformation geprägt war. Ihre Gottesphilosophie stellt eine Gottheit dar, die sich radikal von seinen Geschöpfen unterscheidet. Nur eine negative Theologie, eine Theologie dessen, was Gott nicht ist, kann die göttlichen Eigenschaften erforschen. In ihrer ethischen Theorie, Mutter Agnès kontextualisiert Moral

Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 1020) Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani was a prominent Ismaili missionary during the reign of the Fatimid caliph-imam al-Hakim (996-1021). He was of Persian origin and was probably born in the province of Kirman. He seems to have spent the greater part of his life as a Fatimid da‘i (missionary) in Iraq (in Baghdad and Basra) and in central and western parts of

Buddha (c. 500s B.C.E.) The historical Buddha, also known as Gotama Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, and Buddha Śākyamuni, was born in Lumbini, in the Nepalese region of Terai, near the Indian border. He is one of the most important Asian thinkers and spiritual masters of all time, and he contributed to many areas of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics and ethics. The Buddha’s teaching formed the foundation