Plotin (204–270 n. Chr.) Plotinus is considered to be the founder of Neoplatonism. Taking his lead from his reading of Plato, Plotinus developed a complex spiritual cosmology involving three foundational elements: the One, the Intelligence, and the Soul. It is from the productive unity of these three Beings that all existence emanates, according to Plotinus. The principal of emanation is not simply causal, but also contemplative.

Immanuel Kant: Logic For Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), formal logic is one of three paradigms for the methodology of science, along with mathematics and modern-age physics. Formal logic owes this role to its stability and relatively finished state, which Kant claims it has possessed since Aristotle. Kant’s key contribution lies in his focus on the formal and systematic character of logic as a “strongly proven” (apodictic) doctrine.

Dualität in Logik und Sprache Dualitätsphänomene treten in fast allen mathematisch formalisierten Disziplinen auf, wie Algebra, Geometrie, Logik und Semantik natürlicher Sprache. Aber, Viele dieser Disziplinen verwenden den Begriff „Dualität“ in sehr unterschiedlichen Bedeutungen, und während einige dieser Sinne eng miteinander verbunden sind, andere scheinen völlig unabhängig davon zu sein. Infolgedessen, wenn der Begriff „Dualität“ in zwei verschiedenen Bedeutungen verwendet wird

Empedocles (c. 492—432 B.C.E.) Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet: one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one – see below) exist in more than 150

Thomas S. Kuhn (1922–1996) Thomas Samuel Kuhn, obwohl er an der Harvard University als Physiker ausgebildet wurde, wurde durch die Unterstützung des Harvard-Präsidenten Historiker und Wissenschaftsphilosoph, James Conant. Im Jahr 1962, Kuhns berühmtes Werk „Die Struktur wissenschaftlicher Revolutionen“. (Struktur) trug dazu bei, eine Revolution einzuleiten – die historiografische Revolution der 1960er Jahre –, indem er ein neues Bild der Wissenschaft lieferte. Für Kuhn, scientific revolutions involved paradigm shifts that punctuated periods of

Jeanne-Françoise Frémyot, Baronne de Chantal (1572—1641) Canonized a Catholic saint in 1767, Jeanne de Chantal (Jane of Chantal) has rarely been the object of philosophical analysis. Bis vor kurzem, her influence has largely confined itself to the Visitation order she founded and to the network of schools sponsored by the Visitation nuns. Contemporary theologians, Jedoch, have studied her works from the perspective of spirituality. Her extensive