Gettier Problems Gettier problems or cases are named in honor of the American philosopher Edmund Gettier, who discovered them in 1963. They function as challenges to the philosophical tradition of defining knowledge of a proposition as justified true belief in that proposition. The problems are actual or possible situations in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence, noch

Benedikt von Spinoza: Epistemology The theory of knowledge, or epistemology, offered by the 17th century Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza may yet prove to be the most daring in the history of philosophy. Not only does Spinoza claim to be able to know all the ways one can know something, he also claims to be able to know what everything is. Few philosophers besides Spinoza

George Herbert Mead (1863—1931) George Herbert Mead is a major figure in the history of American philosophy, one of the founders of Pragmatism along with Peirce, James, Tufts, and Dewey. He published numerous papers during his lifetime and, following his death, several of his students produced four books in his name from Mead’s unpublished (and even unfinished) notes and manuscripts, from students’ notes, and from

Non-Cognitivism in Ethics A non-cognitivist theory of ethics implies that ethical sentences are neither true nor false, das ist, they lack truth-values. What this means will be investigated by giving a brief logical-linguistic analysis explaining the different illocutionary senses of normative sentences. The analysis will make sense of how normative sentences play their proper role even though they lack truth values, a fact which is

Ikhwan al-Safa’ Ikhwan al-Safa’ (die Brüder der Reinheit) sind die Autoren des Rasā’il al-Ikhwān al-safā’ (Abhandlungen der Brüder der Reinheit), eine islamische Enzyklopädie, bestehend aus zweiundfünfzig Abhandlungen und einer zusätzlichen umfassenden Abhandlung (Risalat al-Jami'a) über verschiedene philosophische Wissenschaften, interpretiert von Ismā‘īlī Shī‘ī-Gelehrten. Es deckt das Mathematische ab, natürlich, psychologisch/rational, und theologischen Wissenschaften und wurde im zehnten oder elften Jahrhundert n. Chr. geschrieben. Der