Stoic Ethics The tremendous influence Stoicism has exerted on ethical thought from early Christianity through Immanuel Kant and into the twentieth century is rarely understood and even more rarely appreciated. Throughout history, Stoic ethical doctrines have both provoked harsh criticisms and inspired enthusiastic defenders. The Stoics defined the goal in life as living in agreement with nature. Humans, unlike all other animals, are constituted by

Pragmatism Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected. Pragmatism originated in the United States during the latter quarter of the nineteenth century. Although it has significantly

David Hume (1711–1776) „Hume ist unsere Politik, Hume ist unser Handwerk, Hume ist unsere Philosophie, Hume ist unsere Religion.“ Diese Aussage des Philosophen James Hutchison Stirling aus dem 19. Jahrhundert spiegelt die einzigartige Stellung des schottischen Philosophen David Hume im intellektuellen Denken wider. Ein Teil von Humes Ruhm und Bedeutung ist seiner kühnen skeptischen Herangehensweise an eine Reihe philosophischer Themen zu verdanken. In der Erkenntnistheorie, er stellte gängige Vorstellungen in Frage

Die ästhetische Haltung ist das Thema der Ästhetik, als Paradigma, Kunst, sondern auch das Besondere, Kunstähnlicher Status, der manchmal angewandten Künsten wie Architektur oder Industriedesign oder Objekten in der Natur verliehen wird. Es ist schwer, genau zu sagen, was diese bunte Gruppe von Objekten gemeinsam hat (oft als ästhetische Objekte bezeichnet), aber die ästhetische Einstellung soll etwas gehen

Perspectivism in Science Perspectivism, or perspectival realism, has been discussed in philosophy for many centuries, but as a view about science, it is a twenty-first-century topic. Although it has taken many forms and even though there is no agreed definition, perspectivism at its heart uses a visual metaphor to help us understand the scope and character of scientific knowledge. Several interrelated issues are surrounding this

Moral Egalitarianism Egalitarianism is the position that equality is central to justice. It is a prominent trend in social and political philosophy and has also become relevant in moral philosophy (moral egalitarianism) since the late twentieth century. In social and political philosophy, the main focus of the debate is on two different trends, the Equality-of-What trend and the Why-Equality trend. The authors of the older,